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Neil H. Shubin

TitleProfessor
InstitutionUniversity of Chicago
DepartmentOrganismal Biology and Anatomy
AddressChicago IL 60637
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    Collapse Overview 
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    I seek to understand the mechanisms behind the evolutionary origin of new anatomical features and faunas. The philosophy that underlies all of my empirical work is derived from the conviction that progress in the study of evolutionary biology results from linking research across diverse temporal, phylogenetic, and structural scales. The Origin of Novel Faunas and Anatomical Systems: Much of today's vertebrate diversity was defined by ecological and evolutionary shifts that happened during two critical intervals in the history of the Earth: the Devonian and the Triassic. These periods serve as the focal point for my research because they witness the origin of both new ecosystems and new anatomical designs. My expeditionary research supplies new fossils and a paleoenvironmental context to understand the origin of faunas, whereas our morphological, functional, and developmental studies yield hypotheses on anatomical transformations.

    Over the past fifteen years, I have developed expeditionary research programs in Canada, Africa, the continental United States, Asia, and Greenland. These expeditions have led to new insights on the origin of major groups of vertebrates (mammals, frogs, crocodiles, tetrapods, and sarcopterygian fish). Future studies on the origins of pterosaurs, rhizodontid fish, dinosaurs, and salamanders will rely heavily on fossils discovered over the past five years. Examples include the newly discovered adult fin and juvenile skeleton of the fish, Sauripterus. These fossils are providing evidence on the ways that appendage function and skeletal development shifted during the evolutionary radiation of lobe-finned fish. Indeed, this evolutionary radiation is temporally linked to the origin of new freshwater environments. Consequently, the analysis of Sauripterus will place comparative studies of fin structure, development and function in a phylogenetic and paleoenvironmental context.

    The goals of the paleontological research dovetail with those of my neontological studies. New fossils, such as Sauripterus, offer tests of hypotheses that derive from our comparative analysis of genetic and morphogenetic processes. For example, the comparison of developmental pathways common to the appendages of all animals suggests genetic mechanisms for parallel evolution and homology. Regularities of variation may reflect the fact that similar regulatory genes are used in the developmental patterning of diverse types of animals.

    The Origin of Morphological Variation: The ~400 million year history of terrestrial animals reveals surprising patterns of anatomical stasis and parallel evolution: similar designs crop up in different species living in different environments. Salamanders, for example, arose over 150 million years ago, but have retained a very stable body plan in the face of environmental change and genetic variation. The study of these regularities transcends ecological and paleontological timescales because explanations of larger-scale patterns can be sought in the mechanisms that structure anatomical variation in populations today. Accordingly, my research has involved collecting data on intraspecific variation from diverse populations, developing predictive models of variation based on ontogeny, and comparing developmental processes in diverse salamanders that live in different environmental settings.

    Salamander limbs are a model system to approach these issues because of the diversity of their developmental systems and life histories. In addition, the widespread occurrence of parallelism provides us with a window to develop predictive rules about the origin of variation in populations. Over the past seven years, colleagues and I have composed a database of limb variation and ontogeny in populations of diverse salamanders. Virtually all of the species analyzed to date possess variant conditions that both restore ancient features and anticipate more derived conditions seen in distantly-related species. Much of the observed intraspecific variation is predictable from a knowledge of phylogenetic history or development. Ultimately, if these historical and developmental effects resulted in long-term evolutionary patterns, they must have acted over geological timescales. Tests of this hypothesis will come from the study of the Chinese Cretaceous where, in collaboration with colleagues, I am studying variation of salamanders in a Cretaceous pond that were killed in a single mass-mortality event.

    Phylogenetic analysis of ontogenetic trajectories in salamanders affords critical assessments of the role of historical, ecological, and structural factors in evolution. Analysis of development in salamanders with different life histories suggests certain aspects of early limb development are highly sensitive to variation in larval biology. I intend to explore this link between ontogenetic diversity and anatomical variation in the future by using experimental and comparative studies of ontogeny.
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PAA.M.06/1996Biology
    Harvard University, Cambridge, MAPh.D.05/1987Organismal and Evolutionary Biology
    Harvard University , Cambridge, MAA.M.05/1985Organismal and Evolutionary Biology
    Columbia University, New York City, NYA.B. 05/1982Biology

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Senevirathne G, Shubin NH. Molecular basis of urostyle development in frogs: genes and gene regulation underlying an evolutionary novelty. Open Biol. 2024 Aug; 14(8):240111. PMID: 39191278; PMCID: PMC11349433.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    2. Stewart TA, Lemberg JB, Hillan EJ, Magallanes I, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. The axial skeleton of Tiktaalik roseae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Apr 09; 121(15):e2316106121. PMID: 38564638; PMCID: PMC11009633.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    3. Hintermann A, Bolt CC, Hawkins MB, Valentin G, Lopez-Delisle L, Gitto S, Gómez PB, Mascrez B, Mansour TA, Nakamura T, Harris MP, Shubin NH, Duboule D. EVOLUTIONARY CO-OPTION OF AN ANCESTRAL CLOACAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE DURING THE EMERGENCE OF DIGITS AND GENITALS. bioRxiv. 2024 Mar 27. PMID: 38585989; PMCID: PMC10996561.
      Citations:    
    4. Ali S, Abrar M, Hussain I, Batool F, Raza RZ, Khatoon H, Zoia M, Visel A, Shubin NH, Osterwalder M, Abbasi AA. Identification of ancestral gnathostome Gli3 enhancers with activity in mammals. Dev Growth Differ. 2024 Jan; 66(1):75-88. PMID: 37925606; PMCID: PMC10841732.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    5. Aiello BR, Bhamla MS, Gau J, Morris JGL, Bomar K, da Cunha S, Fu H, Laws J, Minoguchi H, Sripathi M, Washington K, Wong G, Shubin NH, Sponberg S, Stewart TA. The origin of blinking in both mudskippers and tetrapods is linked to life on land. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 05 02; 120(18):e2220404120. PMID: 37094121; PMCID: PMC10160996.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    6. Sleight VA, Hirschberger C, Marcet-Houben M, Navon D, Andrescavage A, Skvortsova K, Duckett PE, Bogdanovic O, Gibcus JH, Yang L, Darbellay F, Visel A, Dekker J, Shubin N, Nakamura T, Rokhsar DS, Marlétaz F, de la Calle-Mustienes E, Acemel RD, Paliou C, Naranjo S, Martínez-García PM, Cases I, González-Rajal Á, Gallardo-Fuentes L, Sospedra I, Lopez-Rios J, Gabaldón T, Tena JJ, Lupiáñez DG, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fins. Nature. 2023 04; 616(7957):495-503. PMID: 37046085; PMCID: PMC10115646.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    7. Jia J, Anderson JS, Jiang JP, Wu W, Shubin NH, Gao KQ. Ossification patterns of the carpus and tarsus in salamanders and impacts of preaxial dominance on the fin-to-limb transition. Sci Adv. 2022 Oct 14; 8(41):eabq7669. PMID: 36240271; PMCID: PMC9565805.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    
    8. Stewart TA, Lemberg JB, Daly A, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. A new elpistostegalian from the Late Devonian of the Canadian Arctic. Nature. 2022 08; 608(7923):563-568. PMID: 35859171; PMCID: PMC9385497.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    9. Hawkins MB, Jandzik D, Tulenko FJ, Cass AN, Nakamura T, Shubin NH, Davis MC, Stock DW. An Fgf-Shh positive feedback loop drives growth in developing unpaired fins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 03 08; 119(10):e2120150119. PMID: 35238632; PMCID: PMC8916008.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    10. Shubin N, Letelier J, Naranjo S, Sospedra-Arrufat I, Martinez-Morales JR, Lopez-Rios J, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. The Shh/Gli3 gene regulatory network precedes the origin of paired fins and reveals the deep homology between distal fins and digits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 11 16; 118(46). PMID: 34750251; PMCID: PMC8673081.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    11. Mika K, Okamoto AS, Shubin NH, Mark Welch DB. Bacterial community dynamics during embryonic development of the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Anim Microbiome. 2021 Oct 13; 3(1):72. PMID: 34645528; PMCID: PMC8513177.
      Citations: 2     
    12. Nakamura T, Schneider I, Shubin NH. Evolution: The deep genetic roots of tetrapod-specific traits. Curr Biol. 2021 05 24; 31(10):R467-R469. PMID: 34033765.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    13. Lemberg JB, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. The feeding system of Tiktaalik roseae: an intermediate between suction feeding and biting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 02 16; 118(7). PMID: 33526593; PMCID: PMC7896305.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    14. Ali S, Arif I, Iqbal A, Hussain I, Abrar M, Khan MR, Shubin N, Abbasi AA. Comparative genomic analysis of human GLI2 locus using slowly evolving fish revealed the ancestral gnathostome set of early developmental enhancers. Dev Dyn. 2021 05; 250(5):669-683. PMID: 33381902; PMCID: PMC9292287.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    15. Senevirathne G, Elewa A, Shubin N, Verissimo KM, Perez LN, Dragalzew AC, Darnet S, Barroso Mendes WR, Ariel Dos Santos Neves C, Monteiro Dos Santos E, Nazare de Sousa Moraes C, Fröbisch NB, de Freitas Sousa J, Schneider I. Salamander-like tail regeneration in the West African lungfish. Proc Biol Sci. 2020 09 30; 287(1935):20192939. PMID: 32933441; PMCID: PMC7542818.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    16. Senevirathne G, Baumgart S, Shubin N, Hanken J, Shubin NH. Ontogeny of the anuran urostyle and the developmental context of evolutionary novelty. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 02 11; 117(6):3034-3044. PMID: 31988131; PMCID: PMC7022158.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    17. Stewart TA, Lemberg JB, Taft NK, Yoo I, Daeschler EB, Shubin NH. Fin ray patterns at the fin-to-limb transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 01 21; 117(3):1612-1620. PMID: 31888998; PMCID: PMC6983361.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    18. Turner N, Mikalauskaite D, Barone K, Flaherty K, Senevirathne G, Shubin NH, Nakamura T, Adachi N. The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids. Proc Biol Sci. 2019 11 06; 286(1914):20191571. PMID: 31662089; PMCID: PMC6842844.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    19. Lemberg JB, Shubin NH, Westneat MW. Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803). J Morphol. 2019 10; 280(10):1548-1570. PMID: 31385619.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    20. Zhou T, Li N, Jin Y, Zeng Q, Prabowo W, Liu Y, Tian C, Bao L, Liu S, Yuan Z, Fu Q, Gao S, Gao D, Dunham R, Shubin NH, Liu Z. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 33 is a key regulator of teleost fish barbel development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 05 29; 115(22):E5018-E5027. PMID: 29760055; PMCID: PMC5984497.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    21. Pieretti J, Nakamura T, Pascual-Anaya J, Shubin NH, Letelier J, de la Calle-Mustienes E, Naranjo S, Maeso I, Schneider I, Martinez-Morales JR, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. A conserved Shh cis-regulatory module highlights a common developmental origin of unpaired and paired fins. Nat Genet. 2018 04; 50(4):504-509. PMID: 29556077; PMCID: PMC5896732.
      Citations: 40     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    22. Shubin N. Gene regulatory networks and network models in development and evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 06 06; 114(23):5782-5783. PMID: 28584088; PMCID: PMC5468640.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    
    23. Davies TG, Rahman IA, Lautenschlager S, Cunningham JA, Asher RJ, Barrett PM, Bates KT, Bengtson S, Benson RB, Boyer DM, Bright JA, Claessens LP, Cox PG, Dong XP, Evans AR, Falkingham PL, Friedman M, Garwood RJ, Goswami A, Hutchinson JR, Jeffery NS, Johanson Z, O'Higgins PM, Metscher B, Rowe TB, Shubin NH, Smith SY, Stringer C, Summers AP, Sutton MD, Walsh SA, Weisbecker V, Witmer LM, Wroe S, Yin Z, Rayfield EJ, Donoghue PC, Braga J, Lebrun R, Martínez-Pérez C, Marugán-Lobón J, Orliac M, Rücklin M, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Starck JM. Open data and digital morphology. Proc Biol Sci. 2017 Apr 12; 284(1852). PMID: 28404779; PMCID: PMC5394671.
      Citations: 41     Fields:    
    24. Nakamura T, Gehrke AR, Lemberg J, Szymaszek J, Shubin NH. Digits and fin rays share common developmental histories. Nature. 2016 09 08; 537(7619):225-228. PMID: 27533041; PMCID: PMC5161576.
      Citations: 57     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    25. Adachi N, Robinson M, Goolsbee A, Shubin NH. Regulatory evolution of Tbx5 and the origin of paired appendages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 09 06; 113(36):10115-20. PMID: 27503876; PMCID: PMC5018757.
      Citations: 25     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    26. Braasch I, Gehrke AR, Smith JJ, Kawasaki K, Manousaki T, Pasquier J, Amores A, Desvignes T, Batzel P, Catchen J, Berlin AM, Campbell MS, Barrell D, Martin KJ, Mulley JF, Ravi V, Lee AP, Nakamura T, Chalopin D, Fan S, Wcisel D, Sydes J, Beaudry FE, Sun Y, Hertel J, Beam MJ, Fasold M, Ishiyama M, Johnson J, Kehr S, Lara M, Letaw JH, Litman GW, Litman RT, Mikami M, Ota T, Saha NR, Williams L, Stadler PF, Wang H, Taylor JS, Fontenot Q, Ferrara A, Searle SM, Aken B, Yandell M, Schneider I, Yoder JA, Volff JN, Meyer A, Amemiya CT, Venkatesh B, Holland PW, Guiguen Y, Bobe J, Shubin NH, Di Palma F, Alfo Ldi J, Lindblad-Toh K, Postlethwait JH, Cañestro C. Corrigendum: The spotted gar genome illuminates vertebrate evolution and facilitates human-teleost comparisons. Nat Genet. 2016 05 27; 48(6):700. PMID: 27230688.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    
    27. Braasch I, Gehrke AR, Smith JJ, Kawasaki K, Manousaki T, Amores A, Desvignes T, Batzel P, Catchen J, Berlin AM, Campbell MS, Barrell D, Martin KJ, Mulley JF, Ravi V, Lee AP, Nakamura T, Fan S, Wcisel D, Sydes J, Beaudry FE, Sun Y, Beam MJ, Ishiyama M, Johnson J, Lara M, Letaw JH, Litman GW, Litman RT, Mikami M, Ota T, Saha NR, Williams L, Wang H, Taylor JS, Fontenot Q, Ferrara A, Searle SM, Aken B, Yandell M, Yoder JA, Meyer A, Amemiya CT, Venkatesh B, Holland PW, Shubin NH, Di Palma F, Lindblad-Toh K, Postlethwait JH, Pasquier J, Chalopin D, Cañestro C, Hertel J, Fasold M, Kehr S, Stadler PF, Schneider I, Volff JN, Guiguen Y, Bobe J, Alföldi J. The spotted gar genome illuminates vertebrate evolution and facilitates human-teleost comparisons. Nat Genet. 2016 Apr; 48(4):427-37. PMID: 26950095; PMCID: PMC4817229.
      Citations: 281     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    28. Gehrke AR, Shubin NH. Cis-regulatory programs in the development and evolution of vertebrate paired appendages. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 09; 57:31-39. PMID: 26783722; PMCID: PMC5360378.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    29. Nakamura T, Klomp J, Pieretti J, Schneider I, Gehrke AR, Shubin NH. Molecular mechanisms underlying the exceptional adaptations of batoid fins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Dec 29; 112(52):15940-5. PMID: 26644578; PMCID: PMC4702995.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    30. Luo ZX, Gatesy SM, Jenkins FA, Amaral WW, Shubin NH. Mandibular and dental characteristics of Late Triassic mammaliaform Haramiyavia and their ramifications for basal mammal evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Dec 22; 112(51):E7101-9. PMID: 26630008; PMCID: PMC4697399.
      Citations: 35     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    31. Jablonski D, Shubin NH. The future of the fossil record: Paleontology in the 21st century. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 21; 112(16):4852-8. PMID: 25901304; PMCID: PMC4413349.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    
    32. Pieretti J, Gehrke AR, Schneider I, Adachi N, Nakamura T, Shubin NH. Organogenesis in deep time: A problem in genomics, development, and paleontology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 21; 112(16):4871-6. PMID: 25901307; PMCID: PMC4413340.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    33. Gehrke AR, Schneider I, Chandran M, Nakamura T, Braasch I, Postlethwait JH, Shubin NH, de la Calle-Mustienes E, Tena JJ, Gomez-Marin C, Gómez-Skarmeta JL. Deep conservation of wrist and digit enhancers in fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 20; 112(3):803-8. PMID: 25535365; PMCID: PMC4311833.
      Citations: 56     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    34. Shubin N. QnAs with Neil Shubin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 21; 111(3):881-2. PMID: 24429347; PMCID: PMC3903218.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    35. Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA. Pelvic girdle and fin of Tiktaalik roseae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 21; 111(3):893-9. PMID: 24449831; PMCID: PMC3903263.
      Citations: 18     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    36. Amemiya CT, Lee AP, Fan S, Maccallum I, Braasch I, Manousaki T, Schneider I, Rohner N, Organ C, Chalopin D, Smith JJ, Robinson M, Dorrington RA, Gerdol M, Aken B, Biscotti MA, Barucca M, Baurain D, Berlin AM, Blatch GL, Buonocore F, Burmester T, Campbell MS, Canapa A, Cannon JP, Christoffels A, De Moro G, Edkins AL, Fan L, Fausto AM, Feiner N, Forconi M, Gamieldien J, Gnerre S, Gnirke A, Goldstone JV, Haerty W, Hahn ME, Hesse U, Hoffmann S, Johnson J, Karchner SI, Kuraku S, Lara M, Levin JZ, Litman GW, Mauceli E, Miyake T, Mueller MG, Nelson DR, Nitsche A, Olmo E, Ota T, Pallavicini A, Panji S, Picone B, Ponting CP, Prohaska SJ, Przybylski D, Saha NR, Ravi V, Ribeiro FJ, Sauka-Spengler T, Scapigliati G, Searle SM, Sharpe T, Simakov O, Stadler PF, Stegeman JJ, Sumiyama K, Tabbaa D, Tafer H, Turner-Maier J, van Heusden P, White S, Williams L, Yandell M, Brinkmann H, Volff JN, Tabin CJ, Shubin N, Schartl M, Jaffe DB, Postlethwait JH, Venkatesh B, Di Palma F, Lander ES, Meyer A, Lindblad-Toh K, Alföldi J, Philippe H. The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution. Nature. 2013 Apr 18; 496(7445):311-6. PMID: 23598338; PMCID: PMC3633110.
      Citations: 284     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    37. Mayer GC, Coyne JA, Losos JB, Foufopoulos J, Shubin N, Futuyma DJ, Campbell BC, Edwards SV. Museums' role: increasing knowledge. Science. 2013 Mar 08; 339(6124):1148-9. PMID: 23471386.
      Citations:    Fields:    
    38. Schneider I, Shubin NH. The origin of the tetrapod limb: from expeditions to enhancers. Trends Genet. 2013 Jul; 29(7):419-26. PMID: 23434323.
      Citations: 35     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    39. Schneider I, Shubin NH. Making limbs from fins. Dev Cell. 2012 Dec 11; 23(6):1121-2. PMID: 23237946.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    
    40. Shubin N. Farish A. Jenkins Jr (1940-2012). Nature. 2012 Dec 06; 492(7427):42. PMID: 23222601.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Animals
    41. Gao KQ, Shubin NH. Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 10; 109(15):5767-72. PMID: 22411790; PMCID: PMC3326464.
      Citations: 21     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    42. King HM, Shubin NH, Coates MI, Hale ME. Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 27; 108(52):21146-51. PMID: 22160688; PMCID: PMC3248479.
      Citations: 26     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    43. Schneider I, Aneas I, Gehrke AR, Dahn RD, Nobrega MA, Shubin NH. Appendage expression driven by the Hoxd Global Control Region is an ancient gnathostome feature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 02; 108(31):12782-6. PMID: 21765002; PMCID: PMC3150877.
      Citations: 25     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    44. Shubin NH, Fröbisch NB. Salamander limb development: integrating genes, morphology, and fossils. Dev Dyn. 2011 May; 240(5):1087-99. PMID: 21465623.
      Citations: 26     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    45. Gillis JA, Rawlinson KA, Bell J, Lyon WS, Baker CV, Shubin NH. Holocephalan embryos provide evidence for gill arch appendage reduction and opercular evolution in cartilaginous fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jan 25; 108(4):1507-12. PMID: 21220324; PMCID: PMC3029744.
      Citations: 15     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    46. Gillis JA, Shubin NH. The evolution of gnathostome development: Insight from chondrichthyan embryology. Genesis. 2009 Dec; 47(12):825-41. PMID: 19882670.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    47. Gillis JA, Dahn RD, Shubin NH. Chondrogenesis and homology of the visceral skeleton in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). J Morphol. 2009 May; 270(5):628-43. PMID: 19117064.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    48. Gillis JA, Dahn RD, Shubin NH. Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 07; 106(14):5720-4. PMID: 19321424; PMCID: PMC2667079.
      Citations: 36     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    49. Shubin N, Tabin C, Carroll S. Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature. 2009 Feb 12; 457(7231):818-23. PMID: 19212399.
      Citations: 271     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    50. Shubin NH. This old body. Sci Am. 2009 Jan; 300(1):64-7. PMID: 19186751.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    51. Downs JP, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA, Shubin NH. The cranial endoskeleton of Tiktaalik roseae. Nature. 2008 Oct 16; 455(7215):925-9. PMID: 18923515.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    52. Davis MC, Dahn RD, Shubin NH. An autopodial-like pattern of Hox expression in the fins of a basal actinopterygian fish. Nature. 2007 May 24; 447(7143):473-6. PMID: 17522683.
      Citations: 52     Fields:    Translation:AnimalsCells
    53. Dahn RD, Davis MC, Pappano WN, Shubin NH. Sonic hedgehog function in chondrichthyan fins and the evolution of appendage patterning. Nature. 2007 Jan 18; 445(7125):311-4. PMID: 17187056.
      Citations: 53     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    54. Daeschler EB, Shubin NH, Jenkins FA. A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan. Nature. 2006 Apr 06; 440(7085):757-63. PMID: 16598249.
      Citations: 90     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    55. Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature. 2006 Apr 06; 440(7085):764-71. PMID: 16598250.
      Citations: 87     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    56. Franssen RA, Marks S, Wake D, Shubin N. Limb chondrogenesis of the seepage salamander, Desmognathus aeneus (amphibia: plethodontidae). J Morphol. 2005 Jul; 265(1):87-101. PMID: 15880507.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    57. Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A. Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. J Morphol. 2004 Nov; 262(2):608-28. PMID: 15376275.
      Citations: 21     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    58. Shubin NH, Dahn RD. Evolutionary biology: lost and found. Nature. 2004 Apr 15; 428(6984):703-4. PMID: 15085113.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    59. Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Coates MI. The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus. Science. 2004 Apr 02; 304(5667):90-3. PMID: 15064415.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    60. Gao KQ, Shubin NH. Earliest known crown-group salamanders. Nature. 2003 Mar 27; 422(6930):424-8. PMID: 12660782.
      Citations: 52     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    61. Shubin NH. Origin of evolutionary novelty: examples from limbs. J Morphol. 2002 Apr; 252(1):15-28. PMID: 11921033.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    62. Gao KQ, Shubin NH. Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China. Nature. 2001 Mar 29; 410(6828):574-7. PMID: 11279493.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    63. Torok MA, Gardiner DM, Shubin NH, Bryant SV. Expression of HoxD genes in developing and regenerating axolotl limbs. Dev Biol. 1998 Aug 15; 200(2):225-33. PMID: 9705229.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    64. Shubin N, Tabin C, Carroll S. Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature. 1997 Aug 14; 388(6643):639-48. PMID: 9262397.
      Citations: 163     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    65. Jenkins FA, Gatesy SM, Shubin NH, Amaral WW. Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution. Nature. 1997 Feb 20; 385(6618):715-8. PMID: 9034187.
      Citations: 18     Fields:    Translation:Animals
    66. Shubin N, Wake DB, Crawford AJ. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE LIMBS OF TARICHA GRANULOSA (CAUDATA: SALAMANDRIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS. Evolution. 1995 Oct; 49(5):874-884. PMID: 28564880.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    
    67. Daeschler EB, Shubin NH, Thomson KS, Amaral WW. A devonian tetrapod from north america. Science. 1994 Jul 29; 265(5172):639-42. PMID: 17752761.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    
    68. Shubin NH, Crompton AW, Sues HD, Olsen PE. New fossil evidence on the sister-group of mammals and early mesozoic faunal distributions. Science. 1991 Mar 01; 251(4997):1063-5. PMID: 17802092.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    
    69. Olsen PE, Shubin NH, Anders MH. Response: triassic-jurassic extinctions. Science. 1988 Sep 09; 241(4871):1359-60. PMID: 17828938.
      Citations:    Fields:    
    70. Oster GF, Shubin N, Murray JD, Alberch P. EVOLUTION AND MORPHOGENETIC RULES: THE SHAPE OF THE VERTEBRATE LIMB IN ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY. Evolution. 1988 Sep; 42(5):862-884. PMID: 28581162.
      Citations: 29     Fields:    
    71. Olsen PE, Shubin NH, Anders MH. New early Jurassic tetrapod assemblages constrain Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinction event. Science. 1987 Aug 28; 237(4818):1025-9. PMID: 3616622.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Animals
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