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Royce Lee

TitleAssociate Professor
InstitutionUniversity of Chicago
DepartmentPsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience-Adult Psychiatry
AddressChicago IL 60637
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    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    Clinical Interests
    Personality disorder
    Major depressive disorder
    Posttraumatic stress disorder

    Research Interests
    Stress neuropeptides
    EEG
    Childhood Trauma

    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    Northwestern UniversityBA1992
    Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineMD1996
    Rush Medical SchoolResidency1999General Adult Psychiatry
    Rush Medical SchoolChief Residency2000 General Adult Psychiatry
    The University of ChicagoPost-doctor Research Fellowship2007EEG and Neuroscience

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    R01MH124804     (GERSHON, ELLIOT S ;KEEDY, SARAH K)May 1, 2021 - Apr 30, 2026
    NIH
    2/5-Clozapine Response and Biomarker Correlates in Low-IEA Biotype-1
    Role: Co-Investigator
    R21MH083309     (LEE, ROYCE)Apr 22, 2009 - Mar 31, 2012
    NIH
    The Effect of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone on Cortical Arousal
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R03MH066888     (LEE, ROYCE)Sep 1, 2003 - Aug 31, 2005
    NIH
    CRF and Personality Disorder: Behavioral Correlates
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Featured Content 
    Collapse Twitter

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
    Newest   |   Oldest   |   Most Cited   |   Most Discussed   |   Timeline   |   Field Summary   |   Plain Text
    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Coccaro EF, Keedy S, Malina M, Lee R, Phan KL. Neuronal responses in social-emotional information processing in impulsive aggressive individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 05; 47(6):1249-1255. PMID: 35277651; PMCID: PMC9018744.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    2. Murray CH, Huang Z, Lee R, de Wit H. Adolescents are more sensitive than adults to acute behavioral and cognitive effects of THC. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 06; 47(7):1331-1338. PMID: 35110688; PMCID: PMC9117219.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    3. de Wit H, Molla HM, Bershad A, Bremmer M, Lee R. Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Addict Biol. 2022 03; 27(2):e13143. PMID: 35106880.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    4. Shima C, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Associations of agression and use of caffeine, alcohol and nicotine in healthy and aggressive individuals. J Psychiatr Res. 2022 02; 146:21-27. PMID: 34942448.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. Murray CH, Tare I, Perry CM, Malina M, Lee R, de Wit H. Low doses of LSD reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event-related potentials in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 Jun; 239(6):1735-1747. PMID: 34613430.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    6. Coccaro EF, Keedy S, Lee R, Phan KL. Neuronal responses to adverse social threat in healthy human subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2021 04; 136:47-53. PMID: 33556904; PMCID: PMC10262305.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    7. Coccaro EF, Lee RJ. Disordered Aggression and Violence in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020 03 17; 81(2). PMID: 32220154.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    8. Lee RJ, Gozal D, Coccaro EF, Fanning J. Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorders: Relationship With Oxidative Stress. J Pers Disord. 2020 03; 34(Suppl):6-24. PMID: 32186978.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Van Hedger K, Bershad AK, Lee R, de Wit H. Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Stress-Induced Cigarette Craving in Daily Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 01 27; 22(1):89-95. PMID: 30085292; PMCID: PMC7297012.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    10. Bershad AK, Preller KH, Lee R, Keedy S, Wren-Jarvis J, Bremmer MP, de Wit H. Preliminary Report on the Effects of a Low Dose of LSD on Resting-State Amygdala Functional Connectivity. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2020 04; 5(4):461-467. PMID: 32033922; PMCID: PMC7150630.
      Citations: 27     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Coccaro EF, Lee RJ. 5-HT2c agonist, lorcaserin, reduces aggressive responding in intermittent explosive disorder: A pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2019 11; 34(6):e2714. PMID: 31774584.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. Bershad AK, Schepers ST, Bremmer MP, Lee R, de Wit H. Acute Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Human Volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 11 15; 86(10):792-800. PMID: 31331617; PMCID: PMC6814527.
      Citations: 53     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCTClinical Trials
    13. Van Hedger K, Kushner MJ, Lee R, de Wit H. Oxytocin Reduces Cigarette Consumption in Daily Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 05 21; 21(6):799-804. PMID: 29701814; PMCID: PMC6784409.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    14. Fanning JR, Coleman M, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Subtypes of aggression in intermittent explosive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2019 02; 109:164-172. PMID: 30551023; PMCID: PMC6699742.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Steakley-Freeman DM, Lee RJ, McCloskey MS, Coccaro EF. Social desirability, deceptive reporting, and awareness of problematic aggression in intermittent explosive disorder compared with non-aggressive healthy and psychiatric controls. Psychiatry Res. 2018 12; 270:20-25. PMID: 30243128.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    16. Coccaro EF, Shima CK, Lee RJ. Comorbidity of personality disorder with intermittent explosive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 11; 106:15-21. PMID: 30240963.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Vena A, King A, Lee R, de Wit H. Intranasal Oxytocin Does Not Modulate Responses to Alcohol in Social Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018 09; 42(9):1725-1734. PMID: 29917245; PMCID: PMC6120762.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Coccaro EF, Hill MN, Robinson L, Lee RJ. Circulating endocannabinoids and affect regulation in human subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018 06; 92:66-71. PMID: 29627714.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Coccaro EF, Cremers H, Fanning J, Nosal E, Lee R, Keedy S, Jacobson KC. Reduced frontal grey matter, life history of aggression, and underlying genetic influence. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2018 01 30; 271:126-134. PMID: 29174436.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Coccaro EF, Fanning JR, Lee R. Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Sample. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jun; 78(6):697-702. PMID: 28252880; PMCID: PMC6128355.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    21. Fanning JR, Keedy S, Berman ME, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Neural Correlates of Aggressive Behavior in Real Time: a Review of fMRI Studies of Laboratory Reactive Aggression. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2017 Jun; 4(2):138-150. PMID: 29607288; PMCID: PMC5875983.
      Citations: 21     
    22. Lee R. Mistrustful and Misunderstood: A Review of Paranoid Personality Disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2017 Jun; 4(2):151-165. PMID: 29399432; PMCID: PMC5793931.
      Citations: 6     
    23. Miller MA, Bershad A, King AC, Lee R, de Wit H. Intranasal oxytocin dampens cue-elicited cigarette craving in daily smokers: a pilot study. Behav Pharmacol. 2016 12; 27(8):697-703. PMID: 27661192; PMCID: PMC5089916.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. Coccaro EF, Fanning JR, Fisher E, Couture L, Lee RJ. Social emotional information processing in adults: Development and psychometrics of a computerized video assessment in healthy controls and aggressive individuals. Psychiatry Res. 2017 Feb; 248:40-47. PMID: 28012305; PMCID: PMC6178797.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. Coccaro EF, Keedy SK, Gorka SM, King AC, Fanning JR, Lee RJ, Phan KL. Differential fMRI BOLD responses in amygdala in intermittent explosive disorder as a function of past Alcohol Use Disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016 Nov 30; 257:5-10. PMID: 27693977; PMCID: PMC6323646.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Coccaro EF, Fanning JR, Keedy SK, Lee RJ. Social cognition in Intermittent Explosive Disorder and aggression. J Psychiatr Res. 2016 12; 83:140-150. PMID: 27621104; PMCID: PMC5744876.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    27. Coccaro EF, Fanning J, Lee R. Development of a social emotional information processing assessment for adults (SEIP-Q). Aggress Behav. 2017 Jan; 43(1):47-59. PMID: 27321909; PMCID: PMC6323644.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. Coccaro EF, Fridberg DJ, Fanning JR, Grant JE, King AC, Lee R. Substance use disorders: Relationship with intermittent explosive disorder and with aggression, anger, and impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res. 2016 10; 81:127-32. PMID: 27442963; PMCID: PMC5744873.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    29. Fanning JR, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Comorbid intermittent explosive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical correlates and relationship to suicidal behavior. Compr Psychiatry. 2016 10; 70:125-33. PMID: 27624432; PMCID: PMC5024714.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. Lee R, Arfanakis K, Evia AM, Fanning J, Keedy S, Coccaro EF. White Matter Integrity Reductions in Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 10; 41(11):2697-703. PMID: 27206265; PMCID: PMC5026737.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    31. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Fanning JR, Fuchs D, Goiny M, Erhardt S, Christensen K, Brundin L, Coussons-Read M. Tryptophan, kynurenine, and kynurenine metabolites: Relationship to lifetime aggression and inflammatory markers in human subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 09; 71:189-96. PMID: 27318828; PMCID: PMC5744870.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    32. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Groer MW, Can A, Coussons-Read M, Postolache TT. Toxoplasma gondii infection: relationship with aggression in psychiatric subjects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Mar; 77(3):334-41. PMID: 27046307.
      Citations: 33     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    33. Lee RJ, Fanning JR, Coccaro EF. GH response to intravenous clonidine challenge correlates with history of childhood trauma in personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2016 May; 76:38-43. PMID: 26874268.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. Coccaro EF, Fitzgerald DA, Lee R, McCloskey M, Phan KL. Frontolimbic Morphometric Abnormalities in Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Aggression. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2016 Jan; 1(1):32-38. PMID: 29560894.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    
    35. Fanning JR, Lee R, Gozal D, Coussons-Read M, Coccaro EF. Childhood trauma and parental style: Relationship with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and aggression in healthy and personality disordered subjects. Biol Psychol. 2015 Dec; 112:56-65. PMID: 26423894.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Breen EC, Irwin MR. Inflammatory markers and chronic exposure to fluoxetine, divalproex, and placebo in intermittent explosive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Oct 30; 229(3):844-9. PMID: 26277033; PMCID: PMC4837655.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    37. Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey M, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Morphometric analysis of amygdla and hippocampus shape in impulsively aggressive and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Oct; 69:80-6. PMID: 26343598; PMCID: PMC5978418.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    38. Cremers H, Lee R, Keedy S, Phan KL, Coccaro E. Effects of Escitalopram Administration on Face Processing in Intermittent Explosive Disorder: An fMRI Study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 Jan; 41(2):590-7. PMID: 26105140; PMCID: PMC5130134.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    39. Coccaro EF, Fanning JR, Phan KL, Lee R. Serotonin and impulsive aggression. CNS Spectr. 2015 Jun; 20(3):295-302. PMID: 25997605.
      Citations: 40     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    40. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Coussons-Read M. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokines and aggression in personality disordered subjects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Feb 03; 18(7):pyv001. PMID: 25650410; PMCID: PMC4540103.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    41. Coccaro EF, Solis O, Fanning J, Lee R. Emotional intelligence and impulsive aggression in Intermittent Explosive Disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Feb; 61:135-40. PMID: 25477263; PMCID: PMC4898481.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    42. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Coussons-Read M. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma C-reactive protein and aggression in personality-disordered subjects: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Feb; 122(2):321-6. PMID: 25056708; PMCID: PMC4898482.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    43. Lee R, Meyerhoff J, Coccaro EF. Intermittent Explosive Disorder and aversive parental care. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Dec 15; 220(1-2):477-82. PMID: 25064384.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    44. Fanning JR, Meyerhoff JJ, Lee R, Coccaro EF. History of childhood maltreatment in intermittent explosive disorder and suicidal behavior. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Sep; 56:10-7. PMID: 24935900.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    45. Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey MS. Relationship between psychopathy, aggression, anger, impulsivity, and intermittent explosive disorder. Aggress Behav. 2014 Nov-Dec; 40(6):526-36. PMID: 24760575.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    46. Kirkpatrick MG, Francis SM, Lee R, de Wit H, Jacob S. Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Aug; 46:23-31. PMID: 24882155; PMCID: PMC4088952.
      Citations: 30     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    47. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Coussons-Read M. Elevated plasma inflammatory markers in individuals with intermittent explosive disorder and correlation with aggression in humans. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Feb; 71(2):158-65. PMID: 24352431.
      Citations: 56     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    48. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Gozal D. Elevated Plasma Oxidative Stress Markers in Individuals With Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Correlation With Aggression in Humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Jan 15; 79(2):127-35. PMID: 24582164.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    49. Kirkpatrick MG, Lee R, Wardle MC, Jacob S, de Wit H. Effects of MDMA and Intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Jun; 39(7):1654-63. PMID: 24448644; PMCID: PMC4023138.
      Citations: 55     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    50. Lee RJ, Coccaro EF, Cremers H, McCarron R, Lu SF, Brownstein MJ, Simon NG. A novel V1a receptor antagonist blocks vasopressin-induced changes in the CNS response to emotional stimuli: an fMRI study. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013; 7:100. PMID: 24376401; PMCID: PMC3859978.
      Citations: 23     
    51. Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey MS. Validity of the new A1 and A2 criteria for DSM-5 intermittent explosive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014 Feb; 55(2):260-7. PMID: 24321204.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    52. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Vezina P. Cerebrospinal fluid glutamate concentration correlates with impulsive aggression in human subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Sep; 47(9):1247-53. PMID: 23791397; PMCID: PMC3980459.
      Citations: 21     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    53. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Liu T, Mathé AA. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity correlates with impulsive aggression in human subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 15; 72(12):997-1003. PMID: 22985695.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    54. Lee RJ, Gill A, Chen B, McCloskey M, Coccaro EF. Modulation of central serotonin affects emotional information processing in impulsive aggressive personality disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Jun; 32(3):329-35. PMID: 22544009.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    55. Coccaro EF, Boparai A, Lee R. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid correlates directly with negative affective intensity, but not affective lability, in human subjects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Mar; 16(2):261-9. PMID: 22475556.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    56. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Owens MJ, Kinkead B, Nemeroff CB. Cerebrospinal fluid substance P-like immunoreactivity correlates with aggression in personality disordered subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 01; 72(3):238-43. PMID: 22449753.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    57. Chen P, Coccaro EF, Lee R, Jacobson KC. Moderating effects of childhood maltreatment on associations between social information processing and adult aggression. Psychol Med. 2012 Jun; 42(6):1293-304. PMID: 22008562; PMCID: PMC4255557.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    58. Marseille R, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Inter-relationship between different platelet measures of 5-HT and their relationship to aggression in human subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Mar 30; 36(2):277-81. PMID: 22019855.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    59. Phan KL, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Personality predictors of antiaggressive response to fluoxetine: inverse association with neuroticism and harm avoidance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Sep; 26(5):278-83. PMID: 21795983.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    60. Lee RJ, Hempel J, Tenharmsel A, Liu T, Klock A, Mathé AA. The neuroendocrinology of childhood trauma in personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Jan; 37(1):78-86. PMID: 21641725; PMCID: PMC3178739.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    61. Lee R, Chong B, Coccaro E. Growth hormone responses to GABAB receptor challenge with baclofen and impulsivity in healthy control and personality disorder subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 May; 215(1):41-8. PMID: 21181128.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    62. Lee R, Coccaro EF. Plasma homovanillic acid correlates inversely with history of childhood trauma in personality disordered and healthy control adults. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2010 Nov; 117(11):1327-34. PMID: 20953642.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    63. Almeida M, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Cortisol responses to ipsapirone challenge correlate with aggression, while basal cortisol levels correlate with impulsivity, in personality disorder and healthy volunteer subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Oct; 44(14):874-80. PMID: 20378126.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    64. Coccaro EF, Lee R. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and homovanillic acid: reciprocal relationships with impulsive aggression in human subjects. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2010 Feb; 117(2):241-8. PMID: 20069438.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    65. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Kavoussi RJ. Aggression, suicidality, and intermittent explosive disorder: serotonergic correlates in personality disorder and healthy control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan; 35(2):435-44. PMID: 19776731; PMCID: PMC3055394.
      Citations: 27     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    66. Ruocco AC, McCloskey MS, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Indices of orbitofrontal and prefrontal function in Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2009 Dec 30; 170(2-3):282-5. PMID: 19900716; PMCID: PMC2796539.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    67. Coccaro EF, Lee R, Kavoussi RJ. Inverse relationship between numbers of 5-HT transporter binding sites and life history of aggression and intermittent explosive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Feb; 44(3):137-42. PMID: 19767013.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    68. Lee R, Ferris C, Van de Kar LD, Coccaro EF. Cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin, life history of aggression, and personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Nov; 34(10):1567-73. PMID: 19577376.
      Citations: 36     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    69. Coccaro EF, Lee RJ, Kavoussi RJ. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in patients with intermittent explosive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Apr 21; 70(5):653-62. PMID: 19389333.
      Citations: 44     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    70. Lee R, Kavoussi RJ, Coccaro EF. Placebo-controlled, randomized trial of fluoxetine in the treatment of aggression in male intimate partner abusers. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Nov; 23(6):337-41. PMID: 18854722.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    71. McCloskey MS, Ben-Zeev D, Lee R, Berman ME, Coccaro EF. Acute tryptophan depletion and self-injurious behavior in aggressive patients and healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Mar; 203(1):53-61. PMID: 18946662.
      Citations: 18     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    72. Lee R, Petty F, Coccaro EF. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA concentration: relationship with impulsivity and history of suicidal behavior, but not aggression, in human subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Jan; 43(4):353-9. PMID: 18490031.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    73. McCloskey MS, Ben-Zeev D, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Prevalence of suicidal and self-injurious behavior among subjects with intermittent explosive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008 Mar 15; 158(2):248-50. PMID: 18221794; PMCID: PMC2291349.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    74. McCloskey MS, Lee R, Berman ME, Noblett KL, Coccaro EF. The relationship between impulsive verbal aggression and intermittent explosive disorder. Aggress Behav. 2008 Jan-Feb; 34(1):51-60. PMID: 17654692.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    75. Lee RJ, Gollan J, Kasckow J, Geracioti T, Coccaro EF. CSF corticotropin-releasing factor in personality disorder: relationship with self-reported parental care. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Oct; 31(10):2289-95. PMID: 16880775.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    76. Lee R. Childhood trauma and personality disorder: toward a biological model. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Feb; 8(1):43-52. PMID: 16513042.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    77. Lee R, Geracioti TD, Kasckow JW, Coccaro EF. Childhood trauma and personality disorder: positive correlation with adult CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 May; 162(5):995-7. PMID: 15863804.
      Citations: 27     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    78. Gollan JK, Lee R, Coccaro EF. Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of aggression. Dev Psychopathol. 2005; 17(4):1151-71. PMID: 16613435.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    79. Coccaro EF, Lee R, McCloskey M. Norepinephrine function in personality disorder: plasma free MHPG correlates inversely with life history of aggression. CNS Spectr. 2003 Oct; 8(10):731-6. PMID: 14712171.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    80. Lee R, Garcia F, van de Kar LD, Hauger RD, Coccaro EF. Plasma oxytocin in response to pharmaco-challenge to D-fenfluramine and placebo in healthy men. Psychiatry Res. 2003 May 30; 118(2):129-36. PMID: 12798977.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    81. Lee R, Coccaro E, Lee R, Coccaro E. The neuropsychopharmacology of criminality and aggression. Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Feb; 46(1):35-44. PMID: 11221488.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
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