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Barbara S. Kirschner

TitleEmeritus/Emerita, Professor (CS)
InstitutionUniversity of Chicago
DepartmentPediatrics-Gastroenterology
AddressChicago IL 60637
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    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    Prior to retiring from active practice in 2016, my major clinical and research interests involved the care of a large number of children and adolescents with the chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. During that time, I was a Co-founder the the PediIBD Consortium which conducted many research studies relating to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, risk of comlications, treatment (including clinical trials of emerging therapies), complications (especially growth failure) and the wide range of variations in the course among children with these conditions. As a Professor Emeritus, I am studying long term outcomes in this population, describing how the prevalence in family history of IBD changes over time and, until recently, continued to collaborate in the multi-center RISK Consortium.

    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaMD06/1967Medicine
    University of Chicago, Chicago06/1970Residency - Pediatrics
    University of Chicago, Chicago06/1971Pediatric Immunology
    University of Chicago, Chicago06/1977Fellowship Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
    Collapse awards and honors
    1966Alpha Omega Alpha National Medical Honor Society, Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
    1975 - 1977Andrew W. Mellon Fellow, University of Chicago
    1989Award for Leadership in Patient Education, National Foundation for Ileitis & Colitis
    1993Murray Davidson Lectureship, For Contributions to the Field of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Academy of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition
    1995Outstanding Teacher Award, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Chicago
    1996 - 2014Best Doctors In America List, Woodward/White Publishers
    2000 - 2016America's Top Doctors, Castle Connolly Publishers
    2014Bucksbaum Institute Senior Faculty Scholar Award, University of Chicago
    2017Festschrift Program in My Honor, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Chicago
    2017Gold Key Award for Outstanding Service to the Division of Biological Science, Alumni Awards Commitee, University of Chicago
    2018Marguerite Herschel Award for Clinical Excellance, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Chicago

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Salguero MV, Deplewski D, Gokhale R, Wroblewski K, Sentongo T, Jan A, Kirschner BS. Growth After Menarche in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023 02 01; 76(2):183-190. PMID: 36705699; PMCID: PMC9889107.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    2. Sazonovs A, Stevens CR, Venkataraman GR, Yuan K, Avila B, Abreu MT, Ahmad T, Allez M, Ananthakrishnan AN, Atzmon G, Baras A, Barrett JC, Barzilai N, Beaugerie L, Beecham A, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, Bokemeyer B, Chan A, Chung D, Cleynen I, Cosnes J, Cutler DJ, Daly A, Damas OM, Datta LW, Dawany N, Devoto M, Dodge S, Ellinghaus E, Fachal L, Farkkila M, Faubion W, Ferreira M, Franchimont D, Gabriel SB, Ge T, Gettler K, Giri M, Glaser B, Goerg S, Goyette P, Graham D, Haritunians T, Heap GA, Hiltunen M, Hoeppner M, Horowitz JE, Irving P, Iyer V, Jalas C, Kelsen J, Khalili H, Kirschner BS, Kontula K, Koskela JT, Kugathasan S, Kupcinskas J, Lamb CA, Laudes M, Levine AP, Lewis JD, Liefferinckx C, Loescher BS, Mansfield J, May S, McCauley JL, Mengesha E, Moayyedi P, Moran CJ, Newberry RD, O'Charoen S, Okou DT, Oldenburg B, Ostrer H, Palotie A, Paquette J, Pekow J, Peter I, Pierik MJ, Ponsioen CY, Pontikos N, Prescott N, Pulver AE, Rice DL, Sands B, Sartor RB, Schiff ER, Schreiber S, Schumm LP, Segal AW, Seksik P, Shawky R, Sheikh SZ, Silverberg MS, Simmons A, Skeiceviciene J, Sokol H, Solomonson M, Somineni H, Sun D, Targan S, Turner D, Uhlig HH, van der Meulen AE, Verstockt S, Voskuil MD, Winter HS, Young J, Belgium IBD Consortium, Cedars-Sinai IBD, International IBD Genetics Consortium, NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium, NIHR IBD BioResource, Regeneron Genetics Center, SHARE Consortium, SPARC IBD Network, UK IBD Genetics Consortium, Duerr RH, Franke A, Brant SR, Cho J, Weersma RK, Parkes M, Xavier RJ, Rivas MA, Rioux JD, McGovern DPB, Huang H, Anderson CA, Daly MJ, Georges M, Hämäläinen E, Lévesque C, Louis E, Mni M, Rahmouni S, Saavalainen P, Vermeire S. Large-scale sequencing identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohn's disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2022 09; 54(9):1275-1283. PMID: 36038634; PMCID: PMC9700438.
      Citations: 53     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    3. Ta AD, Ollberding NJ, Karns R, Haberman Y, Alazraki AL, Hercules D, Baldassano R, Markowitz J, Heyman MB, Kim S, Kirschner B, Shapiro JM, Noe J, Oliva-Hemker M, Otley A, Pfefferkorn M, Kellermayer R, Snapper S, Rabizadeh S, Xavier R, Dubinsky M, Hyams J, Kugathasan S, Jegga AG, Dillman JR, Denson LA. Association of Baseline Luminal Narrowing With Ileal Microbial Shifts and Gene Expression Programs and Subsequent Transmural Healing in Pediatric Crohn Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021 10 20; 27(11):1707-1718. PMID: 33452801; PMCID: PMC8528150.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    4. Capone K, Rosenberg HJ, Wroblewski K, Gokhale R, Kirschner BS. Change in Prevalence of Family History During Long-term Follow-up of Patients With Pediatric-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 06; 68(6):829-834. PMID: 30628987.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. Denson LA, Jurickova I, Karns R, Shaw KA, Cutler DJ, Okou D, Valencia CA, Dodd A, Mondal K, Aronow BJ, Haberman Y, Linn A, Price A, Bezold R, Lake K, Jackson K, Walters TD, Griffiths A, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Hyams JS, Crandall WV, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB, Snapper S, Guthery SL, Dubinsky MC, Leleiko NS, Otley AR, Xavier RJ, Stevens C, Daly MJ, Zwick ME, Kugathasan S. Genetic and Transcriptomic Variation Linked to Neutrophil Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Signaling in Pediatric Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 02 21; 25(3):547-560. PMID: 30124884; PMCID: PMC6391846.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    6. Haberman Y, Schirmer M, Dexheimer PJ, Karns R, Braun T, Kim MO, Walters TD, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Rosh J, Markowitz J, Crandall WV, Mack DR, Griffiths AM, Heyman MB, Baker SS, Kellermayer R, Moulton D, Patel AS, Gulati AS, Steiner SJ, LeLeiko N, Otley A, Oliva-Hemker M, Ziring D, Kirschner BS, Keljo DJ, Guthery SL, Cohen SA, Snapper S, Evans J, Dubinsky M, Aronow B, Hyams JS, Kugathasan S, Huttenhower C, Xavier RJ, Denson LA. Age-of-diagnosis dependent ileal immune intensification and reduced alpha-defensin in older versus younger pediatric Crohn Disease patients despite already established dysbiosis. Mucosal Immunol. 2019 03; 12(2):491-502. PMID: 30542108; PMCID: PMC6375755.
      Citations: 13     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    7. Lindoso L, Mondal K, Venkateswaran S, Somineni HK, Ballengee C, Walters TD, Griffiths A, Noe JD, Crandall W, Snapper S, Rabizadeh S, Rosh JR, LeLeiko N, Guthery S, Mack D, Kellermayer R, Gulati AS, Pfefferkorn MD, Moulton DE, Keljo D, Cohen S, Oliva-Hemker M, Heyman MB, Otley A, Baker SS, Evans JS, Kirschner BS, Patel AS, Ziring D, Stephens MC, Baldassano R, Dubinsky MC, Markowitz J, Denson LA, Hyams J, Kugathasan S, Ananthakrishnan AN. The Effect of Early-Life Environmental Exposures on Disease Phenotype and Clinical Course of Crohn's Disease in Children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018 10; 113(10):1524-1529. PMID: 30267029.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    8. Shaw KA, Cutler DJ, Okou D, Dodd A, Aronow BJ, Haberman Y, Stevens C, Walters TD, Griffiths A, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Hyams JS, Crandall WV, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB, Snapper S, Guthery S, Dubinsky MC, Shapiro JM, Otley AR, Daly M, Denson LA, Kugathasan S, Zwick ME. Genetic variants and pathways implicated in a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Genes Immun. 2019 02; 20(2):131-142. PMID: 29593342; PMCID: PMC6162182.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    9. Denson LA, Jurickova I, Karns R, Shaw KA, Cutler DJ, Okou DT, Dodd A, Quinn K, Mondal K, Aronow BJ, Haberman Y, Linn A, Price A, Bezold R, Lake K, Jackson K, Walters TD, Griffiths A, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Hyams JS, Crandall WV, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB, Snapper S, Guthery SL, Dubinsky MC, Leleiko NS, Otley AR, Xavier RJ, Stevens C, Daly MJ, Zwick ME, Kugathasan S. Clinical and Genomic Correlates of Neutrophil Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Pediatric Patients With Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology. 2018 06; 154(8):2097-2110. PMID: 29454792; PMCID: PMC5985211.
      Citations: 39     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    10. Haberman Y, BenShoshan M, Di Segni A, Dexheimer PJ, Braun T, Weiss B, Walters TD, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Markowitz J, Rosh J, Heyman MB, Griffiths AM, Crandall WV, Mack DR, Baker SS, Kellermayer R, Patel A, Otley A, Steiner SJ, Gulati AS, Guthery SL, LeLeiko N, Moulton D, Kirschner BS, Snapper S, Avivi C, Barshack I, Oliva-Hemker M, Cohen SA, Keljo DJ, Ziring D, Anikster Y, Aronow B, Hyams JS, Kugathasan S, Denson LA. Long ncRNA Landscape in the Ileum of Treatment-Naive Early-Onset Crohn Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 01 18; 24(2):346-360. PMID: 29361088; PMCID: PMC6231367.
      Citations: 40     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    11. Bertha M, Vasantharoopan A, Kumar A, Bruce BB, Prince J, Hofmekler T, Okou D, Chopra P, Wang G, Sauer C, Landers CJ, Hussain SZ, Cross RK, Baldassano RN, Kappelman MD, Katz J, Alexander JS, Kirschner BS, Moulton DE, Osuntokun BO, Patel A, Saeed S, Klapproth JA, Dhere TA, Dubinsky MC, McGovern D, Kugathasan S. IBD Serology and Disease Outcomes in African Americans With Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017 12 19; 24(1):209-216. PMID: 29272484; PMCID: PMC6033326.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Walters TD, Kim MO, Marigorta UM, Schirmer M, Mondal K, Liu C, Griffiths A, Noe JD, Crandall WV, Snapper S, Rabizadeh S, Rosh JR, Shapiro JM, Guthery S, Mack DR, Kellermayer R, Kappelman MD, Steiner S, Moulton DE, Keljo D, Cohen S, Oliva-Hemker M, Heyman MB, Otley AR, Baker SS, Evans JS, Kirschner BS, Patel AS, Ziring D, Trapnell BC, Sylvester FA, Stephens MC, Baldassano RN, Markowitz JF, Cho J, Xavier RJ, Huttenhower C, Aronow BJ, Gibson G, Hyams JS, Dubinsky MC. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn's disease: a multicentre inception cohort study. Lancet. 2017 04 29; 389(10080):1710-1718. PMID: 28259484; PMCID: PMC5719489.
      Citations: 237     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    13. Brant SR, Okou DT, Simpson CL, Cutler DJ, Haritunians T, Bradfield JP, Chopra P, Prince J, Begum F, Kumar A, Huang C, Venkateswaran S, Datta LW, Wei Z, Thomas K, Herrinton LJ, Klapproth JA, Quiros AJ, Seminerio J, Liu Z, Alexander JS, Baldassano RN, Dudley-Brown S, Cross RK, Dassopoulos T, Denson LA, Dhere TA, Dryden GW, Hanson JS, Hou JK, Hussain SZ, Hyams JS, Isaacs KL, Kader H, Kappelman MD, Katz J, Kellermayer R, Kirschner BS, Kuemmerle JF, Kwon JH, Lazarev M, Li E, Mack D, Mannon P, Moulton DE, Newberry RD, Osuntokun BO, Patel AS, Saeed SA, Targan SR, Valentine JF, Wang MH, Zonca M, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Cho JH, Hakonarson H, Zwick ME, McGovern DP, Kugathasan S, Rioux JD. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies African-Specific Susceptibility Loci in African Americans With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology. 2017 01; 152(1):206-217.e2. PMID: 27693347; PMCID: PMC5164948.
      Citations: 76     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    14. Wang F, Kaplan JL, Gold BD, Bhasin MK, Ward NL, Kellermayer R, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB, Dowd SE, Cox SB, Dogan H, Steven B, Ferry GD, Cohen SA, Baldassano RN, Moran CJ, Garnett EA, Drake L, Otu HH, Mirny LA, Libermann TA, Winter HS, Korolev KS. Detecting Microbial Dysbiosis Associated with Pediatric Crohn Disease Despite the High Variability of the Gut Microbiota. Cell Rep. 2016 Feb 02; 14(4):945-955. PMID: 26804920; PMCID: PMC4740235.
      Citations: 30     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    15. Kamdar K, Khakpour S, Chen J, Leone V, Brulc J, Mangatu T, Antonopoulos DA, Chang EB, Kahn SA, Kirschner BS, Young G, DePaolo RW. Genetic and Metabolic Signals during Acute Enteric Bacterial Infection Alter the Microbiota and Drive Progression to Chronic Inflammatory Disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Jan 13; 19(1):21-31. PMID: 26764594; PMCID: PMC4839196.
      Citations: 47     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimalsCells
    16. Skol AD, Hungate EA, Bao R, Huang L, Kahn SA, Allan JM, Brant SR, McGovern DP, Peter I, Silverberg MS, Cho JH, Kirschner BS, Onel K, Sasaki MM. Whole-exome Sequence Analysis Implicates Rare Il17REL Variants in Familial and Sporadic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016 Jan; 22(1):20-7. PMID: 26480299; PMCID: PMC4679526.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    17. Gumidyala AP, Nguyen E, Plevinsky JM, Poulopoulos N, Thomason MM, Walter JG, Wojtowicz AA, Blank E, Gokhale R, Kirschner BS, Miranda A, Noe JD, Stephens MC, Werlin S, Kahn SA, Greenley RN. Can You Teach a Teen New Tricks? Problem Solving Skills Training Improves Oral Medication Adherence in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Participating in a Randomized Trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Nov; 21(11):2649-57. PMID: 26218142.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    18. Cordova J, Gokhale R, Kirschner B. Fever and Upper GI Hemorrhage in a 10-Year-Old Girl With Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Oct; 149(4):867-9. PMID: 26319038.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Huang C, Haritunians T, Okou DT, Cutler DJ, Zwick ME, Taylor KD, Datta LW, Maranville JC, Liu Z, Ellis S, Chopra P, Alexander JS, Baldassano RN, Cross RK, Dassopoulos T, Dhere TA, Duerr RH, Hanson JS, Hou JK, Hussain SZ, Isaacs KL, Kachelries KE, Kader H, Kappelman MD, Katz J, Kellermayer R, Kirschner BS, Kuemmerle JF, Kumar A, Kwon JH, Lazarev M, Mannon P, Moulton DE, Osuntokun BO, Patel A, Rioux JD, Rotter JI, Saeed S, Scherl EJ, Silverberg MS, Silverman A, Targan SR, Valentine JF, Wang MH, Simpson CL, Bridges SL, Kimberly RP, Rich SS, Cho JH, Rienzo AD, Kao LWH, McGovern DPB, Brant SR, Kugathasan S. Characterization of genetic loci that affect susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases in African Americans. Gastroenterology. 2015 Nov; 149(6):1575-1586. PMID: 26278503; PMCID: PMC4685036.
      Citations: 36     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    20. Walters TD, Kim MO, Denson LA, Griffiths AM, Dubinsky M, Markowitz J, Baldassano R, Crandall W, Rosh J, Pfefferkorn M, Otley A, Heyman MB, LeLeiko N, Baker S, Guthery SL, Evans J, Ziring D, Kellermayer R, Stephens M, Mack D, Oliva-Hemker M, Patel AS, Kirschner B, Moulton D, Cohen S, Kim S, Liu C, Essers J, Kugathasan S, Hyams JS, PRO-KIIDS Research Group. Increased effectiveness of early therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-a vs an immunomodulator in children with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2014 Feb; 146(2):383-91. PMID: 24162032.
      Citations: 82     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    21. Kelley-Quon LI, Jen HC, Ziring DA, Gupta N, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Cohen SA, Winter HS, Heyman MB, Gold BD, Shew SB. Predictors of proctocolectomy in children with ulcerative colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Nov; 55(5):534-40. PMID: 22684351; PMCID: PMC4378533.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    22. Felipez LM, Gokhale R, Tierney MP, Kirschner BS. Thalidomide use and outcomes in pediatric patients with Crohn disease refractory to infliximab and adalimumab. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan; 54(1):28-33. PMID: 21681114.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    23. Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Gold BD, Cohen SA, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Abramson O, Smith T, Heyman MB. Incidence of stricturing and penetrating complications of Crohn's disease diagnosed in pediatric patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Apr; 16(4):638-44. PMID: 19760783; PMCID: PMC3258512.
      Citations: 22     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    24. Imielinski M, Baldassano RN, Griffiths A, Russell RK, Annese V, Dubinsky M, Kugathasan S, Bradfield JP, Walters TD, Sleiman P, Kim CE, Muise A, Wang K, Glessner JT, Saeed S, Zhang H, Frackelton EC, Hou C, Flory JH, Otieno G, Chiavacci RM, Grundmeier R, Castro M, Latiano A, Dallapiccola B, Stempak J, Abrams DJ, Taylor K, McGovern D, Western Regional Alliance for Pediatric IBD, Silber G, Wrobel I, Quiros A, International IBD Genetics Consortium, Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Rioux JD, Brant SR, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, Barmuda MM, Bitton A, Dassopoulos T, Datta LW, Green T, Griffiths AM, Kistner EO, Murtha MT, Regueiro MD, Rotter JI, Schumm LP, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, Xavier RJ, NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium, Sandor C, Lathrop M, Belaiche J, Dewit O, Gut I, Heath S, Laukens D, Mni M, Rutgeerts P, Zelenika D, Franchimont D, Hugot JP, de Vos M, Vermeire S, Louis E, Belgian-French IBD Consortium, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Cardon LR, Anderson CA, Drummond H, Nimmo E, Ahmad T, Prescott NJ, Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Marchini J, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Gwillam R, Tremelling M, Delukas P, Mansfield J, Jewell D, Satsangi J, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Georges M, Daly MJ, Heyman MB, Ferry GD, Kirschner B, Lee J, Essers J, Grand R, Stephens M, Levine A, Piccoli D, Van Limbergen J, Cucchiara S, Monos DS, Guthery SL, Denson L, Wilson DC, Grant SF, Daly M, Hakonarson H, Libioulle C, Van Gossum A. Common variants at five new loci associated with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet. 2009 Dec; 41(12):1335-40. PMID: 19915574; PMCID: PMC3267927.
      Citations: 232     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    25. Jose FA, Garnett EA, Vittinghoff E, Ferry GD, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Kirschner BS, Cohen SA, Gold BD, Abramson O, Heyman MB. Development of extraintestinal manifestations in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Jan; 15(1):63-8. PMID: 18626963; PMCID: PMC2605161.
      Citations: 74     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    26. Heyman MB, Garnett EA, Shaikh N, Huen K, Jose FA, Harmatz P, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Cohen SA, Gold BD, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Stege E, Holland N. Folate concentrations in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb; 89(2):545-50. PMID: 19116333; PMCID: PMC2647761.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    27. White JM, Winter HS, Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Cohen SA, Baldassano RN, Smith T, Clemons T, Gold BD, O'Connor S. Inflammatory bowel disease in African American children compared with other racial/ethnic groups in a multicenter registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Dec; 6(12):1361-9. PMID: 18848910; PMCID: PMC3273485.
      Citations: 18     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    28. Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Cohen SA, Abramson O, Ferry GD, Gold BD, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Smith T, Heyman MB. Presentation and disease course in early- compared to later-onset pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug; 103(8):2092-8. PMID: 18796101; PMCID: PMC3258513.
      Citations: 42     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    29. Heyman MB, Garnett EA, Wojcicki J, Gupta N, Davis C, Cohen SA, Gold BD, Kirschner BS, Baldassano RN, Ferry GD, Winter HS, Kaplan S. Growth hormone treatment for growth failure in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. J Pediatr. 2008 Nov; 153(5):651-8, 658.e1-3. PMID: 18589450; PMCID: PMC2590584.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    30. Holland N, Dong J, Garnett E, Shaikh N, Huen K, Harmatz P, Olive A, Winter HS, Gold BD, Cohen SA, Baldassano RN, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB. Reduced intracellular T-helper 1 interferon-gamma in blood of newly diagnosed children with Crohn's disease and age-related changes in Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles. Pediatr Res. 2008 Mar; 63(3):257-62. PMID: 18287963; PMCID: PMC3252046.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    31. Perrin JM, Kuhlthau K, Chughtai A, Romm D, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Cohen SA, Gold BD, Heyman MB, Baldassano RN, Winter HS. Measuring quality of life in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: psychometric and clinical characteristics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Feb; 46(2):164-71. PMID: 18223375; PMCID: PMC3065353.
      Citations: 25     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    32. Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Gold BD, Abramson O, Smith T, Cohen SA, Heyman MB. Gender differences in presentation and course of disease in pediatric patients with Crohn disease. Pediatrics. 2007 Dec; 120(6):e1418-25. PMID: 18055660.
      Citations: 33     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    33. Navarro FA, Hanauer SB, Kirschner BS. Effect of long-term low-dose prednisone on height velocity and disease activity in pediatric and adolescent patients with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Sep; 45(3):312-8. PMID: 17873743.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    34. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Colitis Foundation of America, Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, Dubinsky MC, Glickman JN, Gold BD, Griffiths AM, Jevon GP, Higuchi LM, Hyams JS, Kirschner BS, Kugathasan S, Baldassano RN, Russo PA. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May; 44(5):653-74. PMID: 17460505.
      Citations: 135     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    35. Kirschner BS, Huo D. Timing infliximab therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2007 Mar; 132(3):1167-70. PMID: 17383435.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    36. Bousvaros A, Sylvester F, Kugathasan S, Szigethy E, Fiocchi C, Colletti R, Otley A, Amre D, Ferry G, Czinn SJ, Splawski JB, Oliva-Hemker M, Hyams JS, Faubion WA, Kirschner BS, Dubinsky MC, Challenges in Pediatric IBD Study Groups. Challenges in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Sep; 12(9):885-913. PMID: 16954808.
      Citations: 42     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    37. Kahn SA, Kirschner BS. Massive intestinal bleeding in a child with superior mesenteric artery aneurysm and gastrointestinal tuberculosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Aug; 43(2):256-9. PMID: 16877995.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    38. Gupta N, Cohen SA, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Baldassano RN, Winter HS, Ferry GD, Smith T, Abramson O, Gold BD, Heyman MB. Risk factors for initial surgery in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr; 130(4):1069-77. PMID: 16618401.
      Citations: 51     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    39. Markowitz J, Markowitz JE, Bousvaros A, Crandall W, Faubion W, Kirschner BS, Perrault J, Rosh J, Winter H. Workshop report: prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Aug; 41(2):145-51. PMID: 16056092.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    40. Jacobstein DA, Markowitz JE, Kirschner BS, Ferry G, Cohen SA, Gold BD, Winter HS, Heyman MB, Baldassano RN. Premedication and infusion reactions with infliximab: results from a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease consortium. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 May; 11(5):442-6. PMID: 15867583.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    41. Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Gold BD, Ferry G, Baldassano R, Cohen SA, Winter HS, Fain P, King C, Smith T, El-Serag HB. Children with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): analysis of a pediatric IBD consortium registry. J Pediatr. 2005 Jan; 146(1):35-40. PMID: 15644819.
      Citations: 167     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    42. Mamula P, Cohen SA, Ferry GD, Kirschner BS, Winter HS, Innes A, Patel J, Baldassano RN, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Consortium. CDP571, a humanized anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody in pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 Nov; 10(6):723-30. PMID: 15626889.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    43. Gokhale R, Kirschner BS. Transition of care between paediatric and adult gastroenterology. Assessment of growth and nutrition. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Apr; 17(2):153-62. PMID: 12676112.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    44. Verhave M, Baldassano RN, Bousvaros A, Grand RJ, Kirschner BS. Research agenda for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition: chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition for the Children's Digestive Health and Nutrition Foundation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 35 Suppl 3:S286-90. PMID: 12394367.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    45. Buller H, Chin S, Kirschner B, Kohn J, Markowitz J, Moore D, Murch S, Taminiau J. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002; 35 Suppl 2:S151-8. PMID: 12192184.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    46. Gupta P, Gokhale R, Kirschner BS. 6-mercaptopurine metabolite levels in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001 Oct; 33(4):450-4. PMID: 11698762.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    47. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Brant SR, Bayless TM, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Cho JH, Nuñez G. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001 May 31; 411(6837):603-6. PMID: 11385577.
      Citations: 1503     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    48. Brant SR, Panhuysen CI, Bailey-Wilson JE, Rohal PM, Lee S, Mann J, Ravenhill G, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB, Cho JH, Bayless TM. Linkage heterogeneity for the IBD1 locus in Crohn's disease pedigrees by disease onset and severity. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec; 119(6):1483-90. PMID: 11113069.
      Citations: 16     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    49. Bousvaros A, Kirschner BS, Werlin SL, Parker-Hartigan L, Daum F, Freeman KB, Balint JP, Day AS, Griffiths AM, Zurakowski D, Ferry GD, Leichtner AM. Oral tacrolimus treatment of severe colitis in children. J Pediatr. 2000 Dec; 137(6):794-9. PMID: 11113835.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    50. Gupta P, Andrew H, Kirschner BS, Guandalini S. Is lactobacillus GG helpful in children with Crohn's disease? Results of a preliminary, open-label study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000 Oct; 31(4):453-7. PMID: 11045848.
      Citations: 80     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    51. Shulman RJ, Boyle JT, Colletti RB, Friedman R, Heyman MB, Kearns G, Kirschner BS, Levy J, Mitchell AA, Van Hare G, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. An updated medical position statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000 Sep; 31(3):232-3. PMID: 10997363.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    52. Bousvaros A, Marcon M, Treem W, Waters P, Issenman R, Couper R, Burnell R, Rosenberg A, Rabinovich E, Kirschner BS. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Dec; 44(12):2500-7. PMID: 10630504.
      Citations: 34     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    53. Shulman RJ, Boyle JT, Colletti RB, Friedman RA, Heyman MB, Kearns G, Kirschner BS, Levy J, Mitchell AA, Van Hare G. The use of cisapride in children. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 May; 28(5):529-33. PMID: 10328132.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    54. Kirschner BS. Differences in the management of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents compared to adults. Neth J Med. 1998 Dec; 53(6):S13-8. PMID: 9883009.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    55. Brant SR, Fu Y, Fields CT, Baltazar R, Ravenhill G, Pickles MR, Rohal PM, Mann J, Kirschner BS, Jabs EW, Bayless TM, Hanauer SB, Cho JH. American families with Crohn's disease have strong evidence for linkage to chromosome 16 but not chromosome 12. Gastroenterology. 1998 Nov; 115(5):1056-61. PMID: 9797357.
      Citations: 26     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    56. Kirschner BS. Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1998 Oct; 115(4):813-21. PMID: 9753482.
      Citations: 42     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    57. Kirschner B. Malignancy and aneuploidy: prevention and early detection. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998 Aug; 4(3):216-20. PMID: 9741025.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    58. Cho JH, Nicolae DL, Gold LH, Fields CT, LaBuda MC, Rohal PM, Pickles MR, Qin L, Fu Y, Mann JS, Kirschner BS, Jabs EW, Weber J, Hanauer SB, Bayless TM, Brant SR. Identification of novel susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease on chromosomes 1p, 3q, and 4q: evidence for epistasis between 1p and IBD1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23; 95(13):7502-7. PMID: 9636179; PMCID: PMC22666.
      Citations: 84     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    59. Gokhale R, Favus MJ, Karrison T, Sutton MM, Rich B, Kirschner BS. Bone mineral density assessment in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1998 May; 114(5):902-11. PMID: 9558278.
      Citations: 48     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    60. Kirschner BS. Methotrexate therapy for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998 May; 4(2):121-3. PMID: 9687222.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    61. Gokhale R, Huttenlocher PR, Brady L, Kirschner BS. Use of barbiturates in the treatment of cyclic vomiting during childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997 Jul; 25(1):64-7. PMID: 9226529.
      Citations: 15     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    62. Cho JH, Fu Y, Kirschner BS, Hanauer SB. Confirmation of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1997; 3(3):186-90. PMID: 23282803.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    
    63. Wasserman D, Hoekstra JH, Tolia V, Taylor CJ, Kirschner BS, Takeda J, Bell GI, Taub R, Rand EB. Molecular analysis of the fructose transporter gene (GLUT5) in isolated fructose malabsorption. J Clin Invest. 1996 Nov 15; 98(10):2398-402. PMID: 8941659; PMCID: PMC507692.
      Citations: 24     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    64. Kirschner BS. Report from the NASPGN Therapeutics Subcommittee. Report of the activities of the gastrointestinal advisory committee to the FDA. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996 Nov; 23(4):397-8. PMID: 8956173.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    65. Kirschner BS. Ulcerative colitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1996 Feb; 43(1):235-54. PMID: 8596682.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    66. Kirschner BS, Ferry GD. Clinical Trials in IBD: A Pediatric Perspective. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1996; 2(2):118-20. PMID: 23282518.
      Citations:    Fields:    
    67. Blecker U, McKeithan TW, Hart J, Kirschner BS. Resolution of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric lymphoproliferative disease in a child. Gastroenterology. 1995 Sep; 109(3):973-7. PMID: 7657127.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    68. Kirschner BS. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in children. Diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1995 Mar; 24(1):99-117. PMID: 7729863.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    69. Mittal NK, Kirschner BS. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Indian J Pediatr. 1994 Nov-Dec; 61(6):655-63. PMID: 7721370.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    70. Ferry GD, Kirschner BS, Grand RJ, Issenman RM, Griffiths AM, Vanderhoof JA, Fiedorek SC, Winter HS, Hassall EG, Watkins JB, et al. Olsalazine versus sulfasalazine in mild to moderate childhood ulcerative colitis: results of the Pediatric Gastroenterology Collaborative Research Group Clinical Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993 Jul; 17(1):32-8. PMID: 8102399.
      Citations: 10     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    71. Kirschner BS. Permanent growth failure in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993 May; 16(4):368-9. PMID: 8315542.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    72. Lashner BA, Shaheen NJ, Hanauer SB, Kirschner BS. Passive smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Mar; 88(3):356-9. PMID: 8438840.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
    73. Fishbein M, Kirschner BS, Gonzales-Vallina R, Ben-Ami T, Lee PC, Weisenberg E, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E. Menetrier's disease associated with formula protein allergy and small intestinal injury in an infant. Gastroenterology. 1992 Nov; 103(5):1664-8. PMID: 1426887.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    74. Tripathi RC, Kirschner BS, Kipp M, Tripathi BJ, Slotwiner D, Borisuth NS, Karrison T, Ernest JT. Corticosteroid treatment for inflammatory bowel disease in pediatric patients increases intraocular pressure. Gastroenterology. 1992 Jun; 102(6):1957-61. PMID: 1587414.
      Citations: 11     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    75. Hyams JS, Mandel F, Ferry GD, Gryboski JD, Kibort PM, Kirschner BS, Griffiths AM, Katz AJ, Boyle JT. Relationship of common laboratory parameters to the activity of Crohn's disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992 Feb; 14(2):216-22. PMID: 1593378.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    76. Tripathi RC, Kipp MA, Tripathi BJ, Kirschner BS, Borisuth NS, Shevell SK, Ernest JT. Ocular toxicity of prednisone in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lens Eye Toxic Res. 1992; 9(3-4):469-82. PMID: 1301798.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    77. Kirschner BS, Baker AL, Thorp FK. Growth in adulthood after liver transplantation for glycogen storage disease type I. Gastroenterology. 1991 Jul; 101(1):238-41. PMID: 2044912.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    78. Hyams JS, Ferry GD, Mandel FS, Gryboski JD, Kibort PM, Kirschner BS, Griffiths AM, Katz AJ, Grand RJ, Boyle JT, et al. Development and validation of a pediatric Crohn's disease activity index. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991 May; 12(4):439-47. PMID: 1678008.
      Citations: 329     Fields:    Translation:HumansCTClinical Trials
    79. Tonsgard JH, Stephens JK, Rhead WJ, Penn D, Horwitz AL, Kirschner BS, Whitington PF, Berger S, Tripp ME. Defect in fatty acid oxidation: laboratory and pathologic findings in a patient. Pediatr Neurol. 1991 Mar-Apr; 7(2):125-30. PMID: 2059253.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    80. Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Kirschner BS, Stephens JK. Endoscopic and histologic findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract of children with Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990 Nov; 11(4):448-54. PMID: 2262833.
      Citations: 9     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    81. Kirschner BS. Growth and development in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1990; 366:98-104; discussion 105. PMID: 2206013.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    82. Kirschner BS, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Stephens JK. Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989 Aug; 9(2):138-40. PMID: 2809935.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    83. Hirsch BZ, Whitington PF, Kirschner BS, Black DD, Bostwick DG, Yousefzadeh DK. Isolated granulomatous gastritis in an adolescent. Dig Dis Sci. 1989 Feb; 34(2):292-6. PMID: 2914549.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    84. Kleinman RE, Balistreri WF, Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Lake AM, Motil KJ, Seidman E, Udall JN. Nutritional support for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989 Jan; 8(1):8-12. PMID: 2499674.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    85. Kirschner BS. Nutritional consequences of inflammatory bowel disease on growth. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988 Aug; 7(4):301-8. PMID: 3062057.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    86. Kirschner BS. Inflammatory bowel disease in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1988 Feb; 35(1):189-208. PMID: 2893329.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    87. Kirschner BS, Sutton MM. Somatomedin-C levels in growth-impaired children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1986 Oct; 91(4):830-6. PMID: 3743961.
      Citations: 25     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    88. Kirschner BS, Samowitz WS. Secondary amyloidosis in Crohn's disease of childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986 Sep-Oct; 5(5):816-21. PMID: 3761115.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    89. Kirschner BS. Nutritional supplementation and growth restoration in juvenile Crohn's disease: a new approach. Nutr Rev. 1983 Feb; 41(2):67-8. PMID: 6866339.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    90. Watkins JB, Klein PD, Schoeller DA, Kirschner BS, Park R, Perman JA. Diagnosis and differentiation of fat malabsorption in children using 13C-labeled lipids: trioctanoin, triolein, and palmitic acid breath tests. Gastroenterology. 1982 May; 82(5 Pt 1):911-7. PMID: 7060913.
      Citations: 22     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    91. Kirschner BS, DeFavaro MV, Jensen W. Lactose malabsorption in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1981 Nov; 81(5):829-32. PMID: 6895202.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansAnimals
    92. Kirschner BS, Klich JR, Kalman SS, deFavaro MV, Rosenberg IH. Reversal of growth retardation in Crohn's disease with therapy emphasizing oral nutritional restitution. Gastroenterology. 1981 Jan; 80(1):10-5. PMID: 6778756.
      Citations: 35     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    93. Casper RC, Kirschner B, Sandstead HH, Jacob RA, Davis JM. An evaluation of trace metals, vitamins, and taste function in anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Aug; 33(8):1801-8. PMID: 7405882.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    94. Kirschner BS, Voinchet O, Rosenberg IH. Growth retardation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1978 Sep; 75(3):504-11. PMID: 680509.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    95. Esterly NB, Furey NL, Kirschner BS, Kretschmer RR, Septon RM. Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Jan; 113(1):42-6. PMID: 318816.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    96. Kirschner BS, Pachman LM. Letter: IgA deficiency and recurrent pneumonia in the Schwartz-jampel syndrome. J Pediatr. 1976 Jun; 88(6):1060-1. PMID: 1271178.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    97. Kirschner BS, Holinger PH. Laryngeal obstruction in children sarcoidosis. J Pediatr. 1976 Feb; 88(2):263-5. PMID: 1249689.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    98. Esterly NB, Arak G, Furey N, Ginsberg M, Howell SE, Kirschner BS, Miller M, Zurbrugg J. The obstetrician and breast feeding: some views of women physicians. J Reprod Med. 1975 Mar; 14(3):89-97. PMID: 1127676.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
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