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John Alverdy

TitleProfessor
InstitutionUniversity of Chicago
DepartmentSurgery-General Surgery
AddressChicago IL 60637
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    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    John Alverdy, MD, has run a continuously funded NIH-funded laboratory that studies the molecular interactions of bacteria and the intestinal mucosa in order to understand how life-threatening infections arise after trauma and major surgery and during critical illness. He has developed several anti-infective polymer-based compounds that can attenuate the virulence of several multi-drug resistant pathogens that cause life threatening infections in surgical patients and works with the IME to synthesize, refine, and scale the compounds for pre-clinical testing.

    The Alverdy lab seeks to better understand the regulation of virulence expression among potential pathogens through investigating the characteristics of the microbial context, molecular machinery that senses that context, and ultimately the lethal combinations of virulence expression that leads to disease. The majority of our work has focused on the sense and response virulence mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a well characterized and clinically important pathogen. We have shown a remarkable potential for this organisms to respond to host environmental cues related to stress, ischemia, immune activation and nutrient depletion. With this core model of environmental regulation of virulence expression, we are pursuing applications in intestinal transplantation, anastomotic and radiation physiology, necrotizing enterocolitis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We are also investigating similar sense and response mechanisms in other clinically important organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Finally, we are interested in developing virulence-based therapies to prevent virulence activation through modifications in microenvironment of the stressed host such as phosphate repletion and polymer-mediated mucosal replacement therapies.

    The ultimate goal of understanding microbial virulence is to provide clinical tools to improve the care of patients. However the complexity of the host-pathogen interaction and the vast amounts of mechanistic information available constitutes a formidable barrier to translational research. Computational agent based modeling is a well suited to dynamically represent mechanistic detail in a modifiable context to recapitulate cellular behavior at the tissue, organ and patient levels.


    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse education and training
    Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, ILResidency in Surgery1985
    University of California, San FranciscoTrauma & Burn Fellowship1983
    Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL(5th Pathway)1980
    Autonomous University , GuadalajaraMD1979
    Marquette University, WisconsinBA1975

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    1. Alverdy JC, Shogan BD. Preparing the bowel for surgery: rethinking the strategy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Dec; 16(12):708-709. PMID: 31548712.
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    2. Gaines S, van Praagh JB, Williamson AJ, Jacobson RA, Hyoju S, Zaborin A, Mao J, Koo HY, Alpert L, Bissonnette M, Weichselbaum R, Gilbert J, Chang E, Hyman N, Zaborina O, Shogan BD, Alverdy JC. Western Diet Promotes Intestinal Colonization by Collagenolytic Microbes and Promotes Tumor Formation Following Colorectal Surgery. Gastroenterology. 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31655031.
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    3. Jacobson RA, Wienholts K, Williamson AJ, Gaines S, Hyoju S, van Goor H, Zaborin A, Shogan BD, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Enterococcus faecalis exploits the human fibrinolytic system to drive excess collagenolysis: implications in gut healing and identification of druggable targets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2019 Oct 11. PMID: 31604031.
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    4. Guyton KL, Levine ZC, Lowry AC, Lambert L, Gribovskaja-Rupp I, Hyman N, Zaborina O, Alverdy J. Identification of Collagenolytic Bacteria in Human Samples: Screening Methods and Clinical Implications for Resolving and Preventing Anastomotic Leaks and Wound Complications. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019 08; 62(8):972-979. PMID: 31283593.
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    5. Hyoju SK, Zaborin A, Keskey R, Sharma A, Arnold W, van den Berg F, Kim SM, Gottel N, Bethel C, Charnot-Katsikas A, Jianxin P, Adriaansens C, Papazian E, Gilbert JA, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Mice Fed an Obesogenic Western Diet, Administered Antibiotics, and Subjected to a Sterile Surgical Procedure Develop Lethal Septicemia with Multidrug-Resistant Pathobionts. MBio. 2019 Jul 30; 10(4). PMID: 31363025.
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    6. Nichols D, Pimentel MB, Borges FTP, Hyoju SK, Teymour F, Hong SH, Zaborina OY, Alverdy JC, Papavasiliou G. Sustained Release of Phosphates From Hydrogel Nanoparticles Suppresses Bacterial Collagenase and Biofilm Formation in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019; 7:153. PMID: 31297368.
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    7. Scott AJ, Alexander JL, Merrifield CA, Cunningham D, Jobin C, Brown R, Alverdy J, O'Keefe SJ, Gaskins HR, Teare J, Yu J, Hughes DJ, Verstraelen H, Burton J, O'Toole PW, Rosenberg DW, Marchesi JR, Kinross JM. International Cancer Microbiome Consortium consensus statement on the role of the human microbiome in carcinogenesis. Gut. 2019 09; 68(9):1624-1632. PMID: 31092590.
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    8. Alverdy JC. Surgeon as Basic Bench Scientist: A Play in Three Acts. J Surg Res. 2019 Sep; 241:336-342. PMID: 31071482.
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    9. Alverdy JC. The wound environment, microbial virulence and postoperative infection: Practical lessons for the surgeon. Cir Esp. 2018 Dec; 96(10):612-619. PMID: 30502224.
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    10. Alverdy JC. Ionic Modulation of Bacterial Virulence and Its Role in Surgical Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2018 Nov/Dec; 19(8):769-773. PMID: 30359172.
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    11. Hyoju SK, Klabbers RE, Aaron M, Krezalek MA, Zaborin A, Wiegerinck M, Hyman NH, Zaborina O, Van Goor H, Alverdy JC. Oral Polyphosphate Suppresses Bacterial Collagenase Production and Prevents Anastomotic Leak Due to Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann Surg. 2018 06; 267(6):1112-1118. PMID: 28166091.
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    12. Wiegerinck M, Hyoju SK, Mao J, Zaborin A, Adriaansens C, Salzman E, Hyman NH, Zaborina O, van Goor H, Alverdy JC. Novel de novo synthesized phosphate carrier compound ABA-PEG20k-Pi20 suppresses collagenase production in Enterococcus faecalis and prevents colonic anastomotic leak in an experimental model. Br J Surg. 2018 09; 105(10):1368-1376. PMID: 29658991.
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    13. Krezalek MA, Hyoju S, Zaborin A, Okafor E, Chandrasekar L, Bindokas V, Guyton K, Montgomery CP, Daum RS, Zaborina O, Boyle-Vavra S, Alverdy JC. Can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Silently Travel From the Gut to the Wound and Cause Postoperative Infection? Modeling the "Trojan Horse Hypothesis". Ann Surg. 2018 04; 267(4):749-758. PMID: 28187042.
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    14. Alverdy JC. Microbiome Medicine: This Changes Everything. J Am Coll Surg. 2018 05; 226(5):719-729. PMID: 29505823.
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    15. Alverdy JC. Hypermetabolism and Nutritional Support in Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2018 Feb/Mar; 19(2):163-167. PMID: 29394142.
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    16. Gaines S, Shao C, Hyman N, Alverdy JC. Gut microbiome influences on anastomotic leak and recurrence rates following colorectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 01; 105(2):e131-e141. PMID: 29341151.
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    17. Belogortseva N, Krezalek M, Guyton K, Labno C, Poroyko V, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Media from macrophages co-incubated with Enterococcus faecalis induces epithelial cell monolayer reassembly and altered cell morphology. PLoS One. 2017; 12(8):e0182825. PMID: 28793333.
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    18. Mao J, Zaborin A, Poroyko V, Goldfeld D, Lynd NA, Chen W, Tirrell MV, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. De Novo Synthesis of Phosphorylated Triblock Copolymers with Pathogen Virulence-Suppressing Properties That Prevent Infection-Related Mortality. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017 Sep 11; 3(9):2076-2085. PMID: 29372179.
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    19. Gaines S, Alverdy JC. Fecal Micobiota Transplantation to Treat Sepsis of Unclear Etiology. Crit Care Med. 2017 06; 45(6):1106-1107. PMID: 28509739.
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    20. Lax S, Sangwan N, Smith D, Larsen P, Handley KM, Richardson M, Guyton K, Krezalek M, Shogan BD, Defazio J, Flemming I, Shakhsheer B, Weber S, Landon E, Garcia-Houchins S, Siegel J, Alverdy J, Knight R, Stephens B, Gilbert JA. Bacterial colonization and succession in a newly opened hospital. Sci Transl Med. 2017 05 24; 9(391). PMID: 28539477.
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    21. Alverdy JC, Hyman N, Gilbert J, Luo JN, Krezalek M. Preparing the Bowel for Surgery: Learning from the Past and Planning for the Future. J Am Coll Surg. 2017 08; 225(2):324-332. PMID: 28529136.
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    22. Alverdy JC, Prachand V. Smoking and Postoperative Surgical Site Infection: Where There's Smoke, There's Fire. JAMA Surg. 2017 05 01; 152(5):484. PMID: 28199452.
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    23. Gaines S, Luo JN, Gilbert J, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Optimum Operating Room Environment for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 May/Jun; 18(4):503-507. PMID: 28402706.
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    24. Alverdy JC, Luo JN. The Influence of Host Stress on the Mechanism of Infection: Lost Microbiomes, Emergent Pathobiomes, and the Role of Interkingdom Signaling. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8:322. PMID: 28303126.
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    25. Krezalek MA, Yeh A, Alverdy JC, Morowitz M. Influence of nutrition therapy on the intestinal microbiome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017 03; 20(2):131-137. PMID: 27997410.
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    26. Fleming ID, Krezalek MA, Belogortseva N, Zaborin A, Defazio J, Chandrasekar L, Actis LA, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Modeling Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections: The critical role of iron. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 03; 82(3):557-565. PMID: 28030490.
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    27. Collier ZJ, Gottlieb LJ, Alverdy JC. Stochasticity among Antibiotic-Resistance Profiles of Common Burn-Related Pathogens over a Six-Year Period. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Apr; 18(3):327-335. PMID: 28394746.
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    28. Alverdy JC, Krezalek MA. Collapse of the Microbiome, Emergence of the Pathobiome, and the Immunopathology of Sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb; 45(2):337-347. PMID: 28098630.
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    29. Alverdy JC, Hyoju SK, Weigerinck M, Gilbert JA. The gut microbiome and the mechanism of surgical infection. Br J Surg. 2017 Jan; 104(2):e14-e23. PMID: 28121030.
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    30. Shakhsheer BA, Lec B, Zaborin A, Guyton K, Defnet AM, Bagrodia N, Kandel JJ, Zaborina O, Hernandez SL, Alverdy J. Lack of evidence for tissue hypoxia as a contributing factor in anastomotic leak following colon anastomosis and segmental devascularization in rats. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017 Apr; 32(4):539-547. PMID: 27999936.
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    31. Zaborin A, Krezalek M, Hyoju S, Defazio JR, Setia N, Belogortseva N, Bindokas VP, Guo Q, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Critical role of microbiota within cecal crypts on the regenerative capacity of the intestinal epithelium following surgical stress. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017 Feb 01; 312(2):G112-G122. PMID: 27979825.
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    32. Yin Y, Papavasiliou G, Zaborina OY, Alverdy JC, Teymour F. De Novo Synthesis and Functional Analysis of Polyphosphate-Loaded Poly(Ethylene) Glycol Hydrogel Nanoparticles Targeting Pyocyanin and Pyoverdin Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Model Intestinal Pathogen. Ann Biomed Eng. 2017 04; 45(4):1058-1068. PMID: 27761766.
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    33. Guyton K, Alverdy JC. The gut microbiota and gastrointestinal surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan; 14(1):43-54. PMID: 27729657.
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    34. Krezalek MA, Alverdy JC. The role of the microbiota in surgical recovery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2016 Sep; 19(5):347-352. PMID: 27341127.
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    35. Shakhsheer BA, Versten LA, Luo JN, Defazio JR, Klabbers R, Christley S, Zaborin A, Guyton KL, Krezalek M, Smith DP, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Fleming ID, Belogortseva N, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Morphine Promotes Colonization of Anastomotic Tissues with Collagenase - Producing Enterococcus faecalis and Causes Leak. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 10; 20(10):1744-51. PMID: 27530446.
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    36. Guyton KL, Hyman NH, Alverdy JC. Prevention of Perioperative Anastomotic Healing Complications: Anastomotic Stricture and Anastomotic Leak. Adv Surg. 2016 09; 50(1):129-41. PMID: 27520868.
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    37. Miller B, Popejoy MW, Hershberger E, Steenbergen JN, Alverdy J. Characteristics and Outcomes of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections Involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 07; 60(7):4387-90. PMID: 27139477.
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    38. Alverdy JC. A Video Is Worth a Thousand Words. JAMA Surg. 2016 06 15; 151(6):e160476. PMID: 27074107.
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    39. Krezalek MA, Skowron KB, Guyton KL, Shakhsheer B, Hyoju S, Alverdy JC. The intestinal microbiome and surgical disease. Curr Probl Surg. 2016 Jun; 53(6):257-93. PMID: 27497246.
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    40. Krezalek MA, DeFazio J, Zaborina O, Zaborin A, Alverdy JC. The Shift of an Intestinal "Microbiome" to a "Pathobiome" Governs the Course and Outcome of Sepsis Following Surgical Injury. Shock. 2016 May; 45(5):475-82. PMID: 26863118.
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    41. Ward MA, Pierre JF, Leal RF, Huang Y, Shogan B, Dalal SR, Weber CR, Leone VA, Musch MW, An GC, Rao MC, Rubin DT, Raffals LE, Antonopoulos DA, Sogin ML, Hyman NH, Alverdy JC, Chang EB. Insights into the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis from a murine model of stasis-induced dysbiosis, colonic metaplasia, and genetic susceptibility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016 06 01; 310(11):G973-88. PMID: 27079612.
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    42. Kanteti R, Dhanasingh I, El-Hashani E, Riehm JJ, Stricker T, Nagy S, Zaborin A, Zaborina O, Biron D, Alverdy JC, Im HK, Siddiqui S, Padilla PA, Salgia R. C. elegans and mutants with chronic nicotine exposure as a novel model of cancer phenotype. Cancer Biol Ther. 2016; 17(1):91-103. PMID: 26574927.
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    43. Gilbert JA, Alverdy J. Stool consistency as a major confounding factor affecting microbiota composition: an ignored variable? Gut. 2016 Jan; 65(1):1-2. PMID: 26187505.
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    44. Shogan BD, Belogortseva N, Luong PM, Zaborin A, Lax S, Bethel C, Ward M, Muldoon JP, Singer M, An G, Umanskiy K, Konda V, Shakhsheer B, Luo J, Klabbers R, Hancock LE, Gilbert J, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Collagen degradation and MMP9 activation by Enterococcus faecalis contribute to intestinal anastomotic leak. Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 06; 7(286):286ra68. PMID: 25947163.
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    45. Kim M, Christley S, Khodarev NN, Fleming I, Huang Y, Chang E, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection involves activation of its iron acquisition system in response to fascial contact. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Apr; 78(4):823-9. PMID: 25807409.
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    46. Defazio J, Fleming ID, Shakhsheer B, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. The opposing forces of the intestinal microbiome and the emerging pathobiome. Surg Clin North Am. 2014 Dec; 94(6):1151-61. PMID: 25440116.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Zaborin A, Smith D, Garfield K, Quensen J, Shakhsheer B, Kade M, Tirrell M, Tiedje J, Gilbert JA, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Membership and behavior of ultra-low-diversity pathogen communities present in the gut of humans during prolonged critical illness. MBio. 2014 Sep 23; 5(5):e01361-14. PMID: 25249279.
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    48. Shogan BD, Smith DP, Christley S, Gilbert JA, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Intestinal anastomotic injury alters spatially defined microbiome composition and function. Microbiome. 2014; 2:35. PMID: 25250176.
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    49. Shogan BD, An GC, Schardey HM, Matthews JB, Umanskiy K, Fleshman JW, Hoeppner J, Fry DE, Garcia-Granereo E, Jeekel H, van Goor H, Dellinger EP, Konda V, Gilbert JA, Auner GW, Alverdy JC. Proceedings of the first international summit on intestinal anastomotic leak, Chicago, Illinois, October 4-5, 2012. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2014 Oct; 15(5):479-89. PMID: 25215465.
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    50. Alverdy JC. Valuable heartburn data that may be difficult to swallow. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015 Jan-Feb; 11(1):229. PMID: 25264324.
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    51. Shah M, Zaborin A, Alverdy JC, Scott K, Zaborina O. Localization of DING proteins on PstS-containing outer-surface appendages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2014 Mar; 352(1):54-61. PMID: 24372739.
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    52. Zaborina O, Alverdy J, Shah M, Chen Y. Microscopic analysis: morphotypes and cellular appendages. Methods Mol Biol. 2014; 1149:99-107. PMID: 24818901.
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    53. Alverdy J, Gilbert J, DeFazio JR, Sadowsky MJ, Chang EB, Morowitz MJ, Teitelbaum DH. Proceedings of the 2013 A.S.P.E.N. Research workshop: the interface between nutrition and the gut microbiome: implications and applications for human health [corrected]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014 Feb; 38(2):167-78. PMID: 24379111.
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    54. Zaborin A, Defazio JR, Kade M, Kaiser BL, Belogortseva N, Camp DG, Smith RD, Adkins JN, Kim SM, Alverdy A, Goldfeld D, Firestone MA, Collier JH, Jabri B, Tirrell M, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Phosphate-containing polyethylene glycol polymers prevent lethal sepsis by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014; 58(2):966-77. PMID: 24277029.
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    55. Luong PM, Shogan BD, Zaborin A, Belogortseva N, Shrout JD, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Emergence of the P2 phenotype in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strains involves various mutations in mexT or mexF. J Bacteriol. 2014 Jan; 196(2):504-13. PMID: 24244000.
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    56. Shogan BD, Smith DP, Packman AI, Kelley ST, Landon EM, Bhangar S, Vora GJ, Jones RM, Keegan K, Stephens B, Ramos T, Kirkup BC, Levin H, Rosenthal M, Foxman B, Chang EB, Siegel J, Cobey S, An G, Alverdy JC, Olsiewski PJ, Martin MO, Marrs R, Hernandez M, Christley S, Morowitz M, Weber S, Gilbert J. The Hospital Microbiome Project: Meeting report for the 2nd Hospital Microbiome Project, Chicago, USA, January 15(th), 2013. Stand Genomic Sci. 2013 Jul 30; 8(3):571-9. PMID: 24501640.
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    57. Shogan BD, Carlisle EM, Alverdy JC, Umanskiy K. Do we really know why colorectal anastomoses leak? J Gastrointest Surg. 2013 Sep; 17(9):1698-707. PMID: 23690209.
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    58. Smith D, Alverdy J, An G, Coleman M, Garcia-Houchins S, Green J, Keegan K, Kelley ST, Kirkup BC, Kociolek L, Levin H, Landon E, Olsiewski P, Knight R, Siegel J, Weber S, Gilbert J. The Hospital Microbiome Project: Meeting Report for the 1st Hospital Microbiome Project Workshop on sampling design and building science measurements, Chicago, USA, June 7th-8th 2012. Stand Genomic Sci. 2013 Apr 15; 8(1):112-7. PMID: 23961316.
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    59. Valuckaite V, Seal J, Zaborina O, Tretiakova M, Testa G, Alverdy JC. High molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 15-20) maintains mucosal microbial barrier function during intestinal graft preservation. J Surg Res. 2013 Aug; 183(2):869-75. PMID: 23522457.
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    60. Nelson RK, Poroyko V, Morowitz MJ, Liu D, Alverdy JC. Effect of dietary monosaccharides on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013 Feb; 14(1):35-42. PMID: 23451729.
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    61. Carlisle EM, Poroyko V, Caplan MS, Alverdy J, Morowitz MJ, Liu D. Murine gut microbiota and transcriptome are diet dependent. Ann Surg. 2013 Feb; 257(2):287-94. PMID: 23001074.
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    62. Stern JR, Olivas AD, Valuckaite V, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC, An G. Agent-based model of epithelial host-pathogen interactions in anastomotic leak. J Surg Res. 2013 Oct; 184(2):730-8. PMID: 23290531.
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    63. Ganai S, Prachand VN, Posner MC, Alverdy JC, Choi E, Hussain M, Waxman I, Patti MG, Roggin KK. Predictors of unsuccessful laparoscopic resection of gastric submucosal neoplasms. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013 Feb; 17(2):244-55; discussion 255-6. PMID: 23225195.
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    64. Stern JR, Christley S, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC, An G. Integration of TGF-ß- and EGFR-based signaling pathways using an agent-based model of epithelial restitution. Wound Repair Regen. 2012 Nov-Dec; 20(6):862-71. PMID: 23110640.
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    65. Alverdy JC. During critical illness the gut does not pass the acid test. Crit Care. 2012 Sep 12; 16(5):150. PMID: 23006320.
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    66. Olivas AD, Shogan BD, Valuckaite V, Zaborin A, Belogortseva N, Musch M, Meyer F, Trimble WL, An G, Gilbert J, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Intestinal tissues induce an SNP mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that enhances its virulence: possible role in anastomotic leak. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8):e44326. PMID: 22952955.
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    67. Babrowski T, Romanowski K, Fink D, Kim M, Gopalakrishnan V, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. The intestinal environment of surgical injury transforms Pseudomonas aeruginosa into a discrete hypervirulent morphotype capable of causing lethal peritonitis. Surgery. 2013 Jan; 153(1):36-43. PMID: 22862900.
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    68. Carlisle EM, Liu D, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Novel model to study combined effects of microorganisms and oxidants on development of intestinal necrosis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2012 Aug; 13(4):238-44. PMID: 22789034.
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    69. Seal JB, Stern JR, Vanha T, Alverdy JC, Testa G. A catheter-based suture-free approach to bilioenteric anastomosis: a pilot study. Surg Innov. 2013 Apr; 20(2):142-9. PMID: 22696025.
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    70. Zaborin A, Gerdes S, Holbrook C, Liu DC, Zaborina OY, Alverdy JC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa overrides the virulence inducing effect of opioids when it senses an abundance of phosphate. PLoS One. 2012; 7(4):e34883. PMID: 22514685.
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    71. Babrowski T, Holbrook C, Moss J, Gottlieb L, Valuckaite V, Zaborin A, Poroyko V, Liu DC, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence expression is directly activated by morphine and is capable of causing lethal gut-derived sepsis in mice during chronic morphine administration. Ann Surg. 2012 Feb; 255(2):386-93. PMID: 21989372.
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    72. Romanowski K, Zaborin A, Valuckaite V, Rolfes RJ, Babrowski T, Bethel C, Olivas A, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Candida albicans isolates from the gut of critically ill patients respond to phosphate limitation by expressing filaments and a lethal phenotype. PLoS One. 2012; 7(1):e30119. PMID: 22253901.
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    73. Kim M, Christley S, Alverdy JC, Liu D, An G. Immature oxidative stress management as a unifying principle in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis: insights from an agent-based model. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2012 Feb; 13(1):18-32. PMID: 22217195.
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    74. Fink D, Romanowski K, Valuckaite V, Babrowski T, Kim M, Matthews JB, Liu D, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa potentiates the lethal effect of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury: the role of in vivo virulence activation. J Trauma. 2011 Dec; 71(6):1575-82. PMID: 22002612.
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    75. Poroyko V, Morowitz M, Bell T, Ulanov A, Wang M, Donovan S, Bao N, Gu S, Hong L, Alverdy JC, Bergelson J, Liu DC. Diet creates metabolic niches in the "immature gut" that shape microbial communities. Nutr Hosp. 2011 Nov-Dec; 26(6):1283-95. PMID: 22411374.
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    76. Edelstein A, Fink D, Musch M, Valuckaite V, Zaborina O, Grubjesic S, Firestone MA, Matthews JB, Alverdy JC. Protective effects of nonionic triblock copolymers on bile acid-mediated epithelial barrier disruption. Shock. 2011 Nov; 36(5):451-7. PMID: 21937955.
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    77. Romanowski K, Zaborin A, Fernandez H, Poroyko V, Valuckaite V, Gerdes S, Liu DC, Zaborina OY, Alverdy JC. Prevention of siderophore- mediated gut-derived sepsis due to P. aeruginosa can be achieved without iron provision by maintaining local phosphate abundance: role of pH. BMC Microbiol. 2011 Sep 26; 11:212. PMID: 21943078.
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    78. Seal JB, Alverdy JC, Zaborina O, An G. Agent-based dynamic knowledge representation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence activation in the stressed gut: Towards characterizing host-pathogen interactions in gut-derived sepsis. Theor Biol Med Model. 2011 Sep 19; 8:33. PMID: 21929759.
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    79. Neal MD, Alverdy JC, Hall DE, Simmons RL, Zuckerbraun BS. Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease. Ann Surg. 2011 Sep; 254(3):423-7; discussion 427-9. PMID: 21865943.
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    80. Morowitz MJ, Carlisle EM, Alverdy JC. Contributions of intestinal bacteria to nutrition and metabolism in the critically ill. Surg Clin North Am. 2011 Aug; 91(4):771-85, viii. PMID: 21787967.
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    81. Morowitz MJ, Babrowski T, Carlisle EM, Olivas A, Romanowski KS, Seal JB, Liu DC, Alverdy JC. The human microbiome and surgical disease. Ann Surg. 2011 Jun; 253(6):1094-101. PMID: 21422915.
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    182. Alverdy J, Chi HS, Sheldon GF. The effect of parenteral nutrition on gastrointestinal immunity. The importance of enteral stimulation. Ann Surg. 1985 Dec; 202(6):681-4. PMID: 3935061.
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    183. Alverdy JC, Chi HS, Selivanov V, Morris J, Sheldon GF. The effect of route of nutrient administration on the secretory immune system. Curr Surg. 1985 Jan-Feb; 42(1):10-3. PMID: 3918836.
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    184. Selivanov V, Chi HS, Alverdy JC, Morris JA, Sheldon GF. Mortality in retroperitoneal hematoma. J Trauma. 1984 Dec; 24(12):1022-7. PMID: 6512896.
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