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Pan, Tao

One or more keywords matched the following properties of Pan, Tao

Property	Value
overview	Our research focuses on (i) functional genomics and biology of tRNA including microbiomes and (ii) epitranscriptomics including microbiome-host interactions. tRNA biology: Translational regulation relies on the dynamic properties of tRNA that constantly change to facilitate response and adaptation to new environments and to control gene expression. We developed high throughput sequencing technologies that measure tRNA abundance, charging and modifications in one single sequencing library. We are investigating the roles of tRNA in translational control and extra-translational functions in mammalian cells. Microbiome: We also developed tRNA-seq as another approach for microbiome characterization. Standard microbiome characterizations include 16S-seq or shotgun metagenomics. Although powerful, these DNA-based methods do not directly report the microbiome activity such as dynamic gene expression which requires the studies of RNA in the microbiome. Our microbiome tRNA-seq results show extensive variations of tRNA abundance and modification patterns in microbiomes from different sources. We also show that tRNA modification dynamics in the microbiome correlates with tuning the expression of specific microbial proteins, indicating that tRNA-seq can provide new insights in microbiome biology. We are further developing this approach to explore the potentials of tRNA-seq to study microbiomes from humans and from the oceans. Epitranscriptomics: Over 100 types of post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified in thousands of sites in the transcriptome. They include methylation of bases and the ribose backbone, rotation and reduction of uridine, base deamination, addition of ring structures and carbohydrate moieties, and so on. mRNA modifications are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and many other cellular functions and human diseases. Some mRNA modifications can also be removed by cellular enzymes, resulting in the dynamic regulation of their functions. We are investigating the function and mechanisms of mRNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in the regulation of gene expression. For example, we discovered that m6A modification can alter the local mRNA structure to regulate binding of mRNA binding proteins transcriptome-wide (m6A switch), resulting in changes in mRNA abundance and alternative splicing. Microbiome-host interactions through epitranscriptomics: We are working on elucidating the function of mammalian host mRNA and tRNA modifications in response to the gut microbiome. We found that microbiome reprograms the host m6A modifications transcriptome-wide in a tissue-dependent manner, suggesting that this dynamic epitranscriptomic mark is used in yet unknown ways in microbiome response. We also found that a microbiome dependent, host tRNA modification alters the cellular small RNA pool, suggesting yet another pathway of microbiome response through RNA modifications.

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overview

Our research focuses on (i) functional genomics and biology of tRNA including microbiomes and (ii) epitranscriptomics including microbiome-host interactions. tRNA biology: Translational regulation relies on the dynamic properties of tRNA that constantly change to facilitate response and adaptation to new environments and to control gene expression. We developed high throughput sequencing technologies that measure tRNA abundance, charging and modifications in one single sequencing library. We are investigating the roles of tRNA in translational control and extra-translational functions in mammalian cells. Microbiome: We also developed tRNA-seq as another approach for microbiome characterization. Standard microbiome characterizations include 16S-seq or shotgun metagenomics. Although powerful, these DNA-based methods do not directly report the microbiome activity such as dynamic gene expression which requires the studies of RNA in the microbiome. Our microbiome tRNA-seq results show extensive variations of tRNA abundance and modification patterns in microbiomes from different sources. We also show that tRNA modification dynamics in the microbiome correlates with tuning the expression of specific microbial proteins, indicating that tRNA-seq can provide new insights in microbiome biology. We are further developing this approach to explore the potentials of tRNA-seq to study microbiomes from humans and from the oceans. Epitranscriptomics: Over 100 types of post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified in thousands of sites in the transcriptome. They include methylation of bases and the ribose backbone, rotation and reduction of uridine, base deamination, addition of ring structures and carbohydrate moieties, and so on. mRNA modifications are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and many other cellular functions and human diseases. Some mRNA modifications can also be removed by cellular enzymes, resulting in the dynamic regulation of their functions. We are investigating the function and mechanisms of mRNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in the regulation of gene expression. For example, we discovered that m6A modification can alter the local mRNA structure to regulate binding of mRNA binding proteins transcriptome-wide (m6A switch), resulting in changes in mRNA abundance and alternative splicing. Microbiome-host interactions through epitranscriptomics: We are working on elucidating the function of mammalian host mRNA and tRNA modifications in response to the gut microbiome. We found that microbiome reprograms the host m6A modifications transcriptome-wide in a tissue-dependent manner, suggesting that this dynamic epitranscriptomic mark is used in yet unknown ways in microbiome response. We also found that a microbiome dependent, host tRNA modification alters the cellular small RNA pool, suggesting yet another pathway of microbiome response through RNA modifications.

One or more keywords matched the following items that are connected to Pan, Tao

Item Type	Name
Concept	Adenine
Concept	Alanine-tRNA Ligase
Concept	Adenosine
Concept	Anticodon
Concept	Apolipoproteins
Concept	Avidin
Concept	Adenosine Monophosphate
Concept	Alanine
Concept	Amino Acids
Concept	Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
Concept	Antineoplastic Agents
Concept	Anticoagulants
Concept	Antiviral Agents
Concept	Antibodies, Monoclonal
Concept	CME-Carbodiimide
Concept	Aspartate-tRNA Ligase
Concept	Arginine
Concept	Base Sequence
Concept	Cations, Divalent
Concept	Biotin
Concept	Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Concept	Bacterial Proteins
Concept	Binding Sites
Concept	Butadienes
Concept	Bromates
Concept	Endoribonucleases
Concept	Ceftriaxone
Concept	Boronic Acids
Concept	Carbon Radioisotopes
Concept	Codon
Concept	Fungal Proteins
Concept	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Concept	Cisplatin
Concept	Cobamides
Concept	Cross-Linking Reagents
Concept	Citrate (si)-Synthase
Concept	DNA-Binding Proteins
Concept	DNA, Mitochondrial
Concept	Cycloheximide
Concept	Iron
Concept	Cytidine
Concept	Diethyl Pyrocarbonate
Concept	DNA, Bacterial
Concept	Cations, Monovalent
Concept	Edetic Acid
Concept	Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight
Concept	Environmental Pollutants
Concept	Hydro-Lyases
Concept	Enzyme Inhibitors
Concept	Exons
Concept	Erythropoietin
Concept	Exonucleases
Concept	Diamines
Concept	DNA
Concept	Ferrous Compounds
Concept	Interferons
Concept	Methyltransferases
Concept	Models, Chemical
Concept	Nitrogen
Concept	Ribonuclease T1
Concept	Histidine-tRNA Ligase
Concept	Hydrogen Peroxide
Concept	Hydroxides
Concept	Hypertonic Solutions
Concept	Peroxides
Concept	Gels
Concept	Leucine
Concept	Magnesium
Concept	Lead
Concept	RNA Ligase (ATP)
Concept	Potassium Chloride
Concept	Esters
Concept	Prions
Concept	Protein Denaturation
Concept	Nucleoside Q
Concept	Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
Concept	RNA Precursors
Concept	RNA, Fungal
Concept	RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Leu
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Met
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Phe
Concept	Nitriles
Concept	Nucleotides
Concept	Organic Chemicals
Concept	Ligands
Concept	Organophosphorus Compounds
Concept	Peptide Elongation Factors
Concept	Methionine-tRNA Ligase
Concept	Plasmids
Concept	DNA Ligases
Concept	Protein Binding
Concept	Protein Conformation
Concept	Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Concept	Protease Inhibitors
Concept	Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Concept	Proteins
Concept	Pyrazines
Concept	Histone Deacetylases
Concept	Mixed Function Oxygenases
Concept	Transcription Factors
Concept	Guanosine
Concept	RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Concept	Ribonucleotides
Concept	RNA, Bacterial
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Asp
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Lys
Concept	Pseudouridine
Concept	Siloxanes
Concept	Solutions
Concept	RNA, Viral
Concept	RNA Probes
Concept	Radioisotopes
Concept	Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Concept	Ribonucleoproteins
Concept	Rifampin
Concept	RNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Concept	RNA Polymerase I
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Glu
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Ser
Concept	Sodium
Concept	Ribonuclease, Pancreatic
Concept	RNA
Concept	RNA Polymerase II
Concept	DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Concept	RNA, Transfer
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Ile
Concept	Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid
Concept	Heparin
Concept	Sulfites
Concept	Styrenes
Concept	Protein Biosynthesis
Concept	Thiourea
Concept	Sulfur Radioisotopes
Concept	Tritium
Concept	Tryptophan
Concept	Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase
Concept	Arsenites
Concept	Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
Concept	Codon, Terminator
Concept	Gene Library
Concept	PrPSc Proteins
Concept	Radiopharmaceuticals
Concept	Water Pollutants, Chemical
Concept	Protein Subunits
Concept	RNA Splice Sites
Concept	RNA, Catalytic
Concept	Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2
Concept	HIV Protease
Concept	Indole Alkaloids
Concept	DNA Probes
Concept	Alternative Splicing
Concept	Protein Structure, Tertiary
Concept	Methionine
Concept	Neuropilin-1
Concept	Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Concept	RNA-Binding Proteins
Concept	MAP Kinase Kinase 2
Concept	DNA, Complementary
Concept	Protein Splicing
Concept	DNA-Activated Protein Kinase
Concept	Aptamers, Nucleotide
Concept	Caspase 3
Concept	eIF-2 Kinase
Concept	Protein Transport
Concept	Endogenous Retroviruses
Concept	Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
Concept	Reactive Oxygen Species
Concept	Protein Folding
Concept	GC Rich Sequence
Concept	Mitochondrial Proteins
Concept	Riboswitch
Concept	DNA Repair Enzymes
Concept	Transcriptional Elongation Factors
Concept	Green Fluorescent Proteins
Concept	Endopeptidase K
Concept	Codon, Initiator
Concept	Alu Elements
Concept	5' Untranslated Regions
Concept	3' Untranslated Regions
Concept	Stem Cell Factor
Concept	Amino Acid Transport Systems
Concept	Base Pairing
Concept	Evodia
Concept	Phosphorus Radioisotopes
Concept	Plant Extracts
Concept	Polybrominated Biphenyls
Concept	Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Concept	Powders
Concept	Databases, Protein
Concept	Promoter Regions, Genetic
Concept	Pyrimidines
Concept	Recombinant Proteins
Concept	Ribonucleases
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Arg
Concept	tRNA Methyltransferases
Concept	Rosaniline Dyes
Concept	RNA, Messenger
Concept	RNA, Transfer, Asn
Concept	Sodium Chloride
Concept	Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
Concept	Sulfur
Concept	Testosterone
Concept	Threonine
Concept	Inverted Repeat Sequences
Concept	Polyphenols
Concept	TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
Concept	Urea
Concept	Uridine
Concept	Viral Proteins
Concept	Magnesium Chloride
Concept	Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
Concept	Argonaute Proteins
Concept	Codon, Nonsense
Concept	Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
Concept	NADPH Oxidases
Concept	Apoptosomes
Concept	Holoenzymes
Concept	Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Concept	Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Concept	Molecular Motor Proteins
Concept	RNA, Untranslated
Concept	Activating Transcription Factor 4
Concept	Escherichia coli Proteins
Concept	Receptors, KIR2DL1
Concept	CLOCK Proteins
Concept	Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
Concept	Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group C
Concept	RNA, Small Interfering
Concept	Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa
Concept	Protein Interaction Maps
Concept	Cytochromes c
Concept	Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Concept	Toll-Like Receptors
Concept	Phospholipase C gamma
Concept	Protein Phosphatase 2
Concept	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Concept	Antibodies
Concept	Carbon
Concept	Cytosine
Concept	Fluorescent Dyes
Concept	Glucose
Concept	Luminescent Proteins
Concept	Lysine
Concept	Metals
Concept	Nuclear Proteins
Concept	Oligonucleotides
Concept	Oligoribonucleotides
Concept	Periodic Acid
Concept	Protons
Concept	Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Concept	RNA, Ribosomal
Concept	RNA, Small Nuclear
Concept	RNA, Protozoan
Concept	Oligonucleotides, Antisense
Concept	Hydroxyl Radical
Concept	DNA Primers
Concept	PrPC Proteins
Concept	Archaeal Proteins
Concept	Membrane Transport Proteins
Concept	MicroRNAs
Concept	Ribonuclease P
Concept	5-Methylcytosine
Concept	Macromolecular Substances
Concept	Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Concept	Caspase 9
Concept	Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1
Concept	Nucleotide Motifs
Academic Article	Probing of tertiary interactions in RNA: 2'-hydroxyl-base contacts between the RNase P RNA and pre-tRNA.
Academic Article	Domain structure of the ribozyme from eubacterial ribonuclease P.
Academic Article	The cleavage step of ribonuclease P catalysis is determined by ribozyme-substrate interactions both distal and proximal to the cleavage site.
Academic Article	Altering the intermediate in the equilibrium folding of unmodified yeast tRNAPhe with monovalent and divalent cations.
Academic Article	Modular construction for function of a ribonucleoprotein enzyme: the catalytic domain of Bacillus subtilis RNase P complexed with B. subtilis RNase P protein.
Academic Article	Recognition of a pre-tRNA substrate by the Bacillus subtilis RNase P holoenzyme.
Academic Article	Probing RNA structure and function, by circular permutation.
Academic Article	Mg2+-dependent compaction and folding of yeast tRNAPhe and the catalytic domain of the B. subtilis RNase P RNA determined by small-angle X-ray scattering.
Academic Article	Intermediates and kinetic traps in the folding of a large ribozyme revealed by circular dichroism and UV absorbance spectroscopies and catalytic activity.
Academic Article	Folding of a large ribozyme during transcription and the effect of the elongation factor NusA.
Academic Article	A thermodynamic framework and cooperativity in the tertiary folding of a Mg2+-dependent ribozyme.
Academic Article	The Bacillus subtilis RNase P holoenzyme contains two RNase P RNA and two RNase P protein subunits.
Academic Article	Modular construction of a tertiary RNA structure: the specificity domain of the Bacillus subtilis RNase P RNA.
Academic Article	Dimeric and monomeric Bacillus subtilis RNase P holoenzyme in the absence and presence of pre-tRNA substrates.
Academic Article	Single-molecule studies highlight conformational heterogeneity in the early folding steps of a large ribozyme.
Academic Article	The thermodynamic origin of the stability of a thermophilic ribozyme.
Academic Article	Mechanistic insights on the folding of a large ribozyme during transcription.
Academic Article	Real-time RNA profiling within a single bacterium.
Academic Article	Structure of ribonuclease P--a universal ribozyme.
Academic Article	RNA folding during transcription.
Academic Article	Folding of a universal ribozyme: the ribonuclease P RNA.
Academic Article	High levels of tRNA abundance and alteration of tRNA charging by bortezomib in multiple myeloma.
Academic Article	Efficient chemical synthesis of AppDNA by adenylation of immobilized DNA-5'-monophosphate.
Academic Article	Innate immune and chemically triggered oxidative stress modifies translational fidelity.
Academic Article	Functional analysis of human tRNA isodecoders.
Academic Article	Genome-wide analysis of N1-methyl-adenosine modification in human tRNAs.
Academic Article	Extended structures in RNA folding intermediates are due to nonnative interactions rather than electrostatic repulsion.
Academic Article	The AlkB domain of mammalian ABH8 catalyzes hydroxylation of 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine at the wobble position of tRNA.
Academic Article	tRNA: Vast reservoir of RNA molecules with unexpected regulatory function.
Academic Article	Distinct functions of erythropoietin and stem cell factor are linked to activation of mTOR kinase signaling pathway in human erythroid progenitors.
Academic Article	Transcriptional pausing coordinates folding of the aptamer domain and the expression platform of a riboswitch.
Academic Article	Misacylation of tRNA with methionine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Academic Article	An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for controlling the efficiency of protein translation.
Academic Article	Leucine-tRNA initiates at CUG start codons for protein synthesis and presentation by MHC class I.
Academic Article	Codon-usage-based inhibition of HIV protein synthesis by human schlafen 11.
Academic Article	Probing RNA structure by lead cleavage.
Academic Article	Genome-wide analysis of tRNA charging and activation of the eIF2 kinase Gcn2p.
Academic Article	Integration of general amino acid control and target of rapamycin (TOR) regulatory pathways in nitrogen assimilation in yeast.
Academic Article	Selective control of amino acid metabolism by the GCN2 eIF2 kinase pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Academic Article	RNA folding during transcription: protocols and studies.
Academic Article	Misacylation of specific nonmethionyl tRNAs by a bacterial methionyl-tRNA synthetase.
Academic Article	N6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO.
Academic Article	Rationalization and prediction of selective decoding of pseudouridine-modified nonsense and sense codons.
Academic Article	Anti-tumor effects of an engineered "killer" transfer RNA.
Academic Article	Novel RNA substrates for the ribozyme from Bacillus subtilis ribonuclease P identified by in vitro selection.
Academic Article	The 3' substrate determinants for the catalytic efficiency of the Bacillus subtilis RNase P holoenzyme suggest autolytic processing of the RNase P RNA in vivo.
Academic Article	The rate-limiting step in the folding of a large ribozyme without kinetic traps.
Academic Article	Vaccinia and influenza A viruses select rather than adjust tRNAs to optimize translation.
Academic Article	Environmental perturbations lift the degeneracy of the genetic code to regulate protein levels in bacteria.
Academic Article	A self-defeating anabolic program leads to ß-cell apoptosis in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced diabetes via regulation of amino acid flux.
Academic Article	N6-methyl-adenosine modification in messenger and long non-coding RNA.
Academic Article	Genome-wide identification and quantitative analysis of cleaved tRNA fragments induced by cellular stress.
Academic Article	Overexpression of initiator methionine tRNA leads to global reprogramming of tRNA expression and increased proliferation in human epithelial cells.
Academic Article	Discovering RNA-protein interactome by using chemical context profiling of the RNA-protein interface.
Academic Article	N6-methyladenosine-dependent regulation of messenger RNA stability.
Academic Article	Reversible and rapid transfer-RNA deactivation as a mechanism of translational repression in stress.
Academic Article	N(6)-methyladenosine-dependent RNA structural switches regulate RNA-protein interactions.
Academic Article	High-resolution N(6) -methyladenosine (m(6) A) map using photo-crosslinking-assisted m(6) A sequencing.
Academic Article	Adaptive translation as a mechanism of stress response and adaptation.
Academic Article	RNA epigenetics.
Academic Article	A nutrient-driven tRNA modification alters translational fidelity and genome-wide protein coding across an animal genus.
Academic Article	Reversible, Specific, Active Aggregates of Endogenous Proteins Assemble upon Heat Stress.
Academic Article	Methionine Mistranslation Bypasses the Restraint of the Genetic Code to Generate Mutant Proteins with Distinct Activities.
Academic Article	Temperature dependent mistranslation in a hyperthermophile adapts proteins to lower temperatures.
Academic Article	N(6)-Methyladenosine Modification in a Long Noncoding RNA Hairpin Predisposes Its Conformation to Protein Binding.
Academic Article	A dual fluorescent reporter for the investigation of methionine mistranslation in live cells.
Academic Article	Correction: Methionine Mistranslation Bypasses the Restraint of the Genetic Code to Generate Mutant Proteins with Distinct Activities.
Academic Article	N6-methyladenosine–encoded epitranscriptomics.
Academic Article	Stress Response and Adaptation Mediated by Amino Acid Misincorporation during Protein Synthesis.
Academic Article	ALKBH1-Mediated tRNA Demethylation Regulates Translation.
Academic Article	Codon optimality controls differential mRNA translation during amino acid starvation.
Academic Article	Function and origin of mistranslation in distinct cellular contexts.
Academic Article	RNA modifications and structures cooperate to guide RNA-protein interactions.
Academic Article	Global tRNA misacylation induced by anaerobiosis and antibiotic exposure broadly increases stress resistance in Escherichia coli.
Academic Article	N6-methyladenosine alters RNA structure to regulate binding of a low-complexity protein.
Academic Article	Hili Inhibits HIV Replication in Activated T Cells.
Academic Article	Identification of N6-methyladenosine reader proteins.
Academic Article	RNA modification landscape of the human mitochondrial tRNALys regulates protein synthesis.
Academic Article	N6-Methyladenosine methyltransferase ZCCHC4 mediates ribosomal RNA methylation.
Academic Article	Methods for Identification of Protein-RNA Interaction.
Academic Article	Regulation of Co-transcriptional Pre-mRNA Splicing by m6A through the Low-Complexity Protein hnRNPG.
Academic Article	HIV protease cleaves the antiviral m6A reader protein YTHDF3 in the viral particle.
Academic Article	An aggregation-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: detection of conformational differences between recombinant PrP protein dimers and PrP(Sc) aggregates.
Academic Article	Biochemical fingerprints of prion infection: accumulations of aberrant full-length and N-terminally truncated PrP species are common features in mouse prion disease.
Academic Article	5-Methylcytosine RNA Modifications Promote Retrovirus Replication in an ALYREF Reader Protein-Dependent Manner.
Academic Article	A high-throughput screening method for evolving a demethylase enzyme with improved and new functionalities.
Academic Article	CMT2N-causing aminoacylation domain mutants enable Nrp1 interaction with AlaRS.
Academic Article	ALKBH7-mediated demethylation regulates mitochondrial polycistronic RNA processing.
Academic Article	Discovery of 2,4-pyrimidinediamine derivatives as potent dual inhibitors of ALK and HDAC.
Academic Article	A novel peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-enhanced iron coagulation process for simultaneous removal of trace organic pollutants in water.
Academic Article	Natural polyphenols enhanced the Cu(II)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation: The contribution of Cu(III) and HO•.
Academic Article	Circadian regulation of apolipoprotein gene expression affects testosterone production in mouse testis.
Academic Article	Inhibition of DNA-PK by gefitinib causes synergism between gefitinib and cisplatin in NSCLC.
Academic Article	Pan-cancer assessment of mutational landscape in intrinsically disordered hotspots reveals potential driver genes.
Academic Article	Age-related endoplasmic reticulum stress represses testosterone synthesis via attenuation of the circadian clock in Leydig cells.
Academic Article	Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution.
Concept	Protein Domains
Concept	Proteasome Inhibitors
Concept	RNA, Long Noncoding
Concept	Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Concept	ErbB Receptors
Concept	Protein Aggregates
Grant	Discovering the epigenetics of RNA modifications
Grant	Kinetic/Thermodynamic/Structural Studies of RNA Folding
Grant	Recognition and mechanism of N6-methyl adenosine modifications
Grant	FOLDING AND CATALYSIS OF THE RIBOZYME FROM RNASE P
Grant	Mis-translation as a new mechanism of stress response in biology
Grant	Defining the role of pseudouridine modifications in HIV biology
Grant	Kinetic/Thermodynamic/Structural studies of RNA folding
Grant	Mis-translation as a new mechanism of stress response in biology

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